Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does a karyotype show?
What does a karyotype show?
- Only autosomal chromosomes
- The complete haploid set of chromosomes
- Only sex chromosomes
- The complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped in pairs (correct)
What is a genome?
What is a genome?
The full set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA.
When do scientists photograph chromosomes to see them clearly?
When do scientists photograph chromosomes to see them clearly?
During mitosis.
Why do our chromosomes come in pairs?
Why do our chromosomes come in pairs?
How many sex chromosomes are there in the human genome?
How many sex chromosomes are there in the human genome?
What does XX represent?
What does XX represent?
What does XY represent?
What does XY represent?
Why are males and females at a 50:50 ratio?
Why are males and females at a 50:50 ratio?
Which chromosome is bigger, X or Y?
Which chromosome is bigger, X or Y?
What are autosomal chromosomes?
What are autosomal chromosomes?
What patterns of inheritance do human traits follow?
What patterns of inheritance do human traits follow?
What does MCIR determine?
What does MCIR determine?
Give an example of simple dominance.
Give an example of simple dominance.
Give an example of co-dominance.
Give an example of co-dominance.
What are the genotypes for blood type AB?
What are the genotypes for blood type AB?
What are the possible genotypes for blood type A?
What are the possible genotypes for blood type A?
What are the possible genotypes for blood type B?
What are the possible genotypes for blood type B?
What is the genotype for blood type O?
What is the genotype for blood type O?
What is a sex-linked gene?
What is a sex-linked gene?
Why does colorblindness occur more in males than females?
Why does colorblindness occur more in males than females?
How do female cells adjust to an extra X chromosome?
How do female cells adjust to an extra X chromosome?
How can you be certain that a cat with three colors is female?
How can you be certain that a cat with three colors is female?
How can pedigrees be used to analyze human inheritance?
How can pedigrees be used to analyze human inheritance?
What is a pedigree?
What is a pedigree?
Pedigrees can only be used for humans.
Pedigrees can only be used for humans.
What does a circle represent on a pedigree chart?
What does a circle represent on a pedigree chart?
What does a square represent on a pedigree chart?
What does a square represent on a pedigree chart?
What does a horizontal line represent on a pedigree chart?
What does a horizontal line represent on a pedigree chart?
What does a shaded shape mean on a pedigree chart?
What does a shaded shape mean on a pedigree chart?
What does a vertical line represent on a pedigree chart?
What does a vertical line represent on a pedigree chart?
What does a non-shaded shape represent on a pedigree chart?
What does a non-shaded shape represent on a pedigree chart?
Flashcards
Karyotype
Karyotype
Complete set of chromosomes organized by size and shape.
Genome
Genome
The complete set of genetic instructions in an organism's DNA.
Chromosome Photography Timing
Chromosome Photography Timing
Chromosomes are photographed when fully condensed.
Human Chromosome Number
Human Chromosome Number
Humans have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs.
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Sex Chromosomes
Sex Chromosomes
Chromosomes determining sex; two in humans.
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Female Gender Chromosomes
Female Gender Chromosomes
XX chromosomes.
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Male Gender Chromosomes
Male Gender Chromosomes
XY chromosomes.
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Gender Ratio Cause
Gender Ratio Cause
Sperm can carry either X or Y chromosomes to determine sex.
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Size of Sex Chromosomes
Size of Sex Chromosomes
X chromosomes are much larger and possess more genes
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Autosomal Chromosomes
Autosomal Chromosomes
Non-sex chromosomes; 44 in humans.
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Patterns of Inheritance
Patterns of Inheritance
Traits exhibit this, including simple dominance, codominance, and sex-linkage.
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MC1R Gene
MC1R Gene
Gene that determines skin and hair color.
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Simple Dominance
Simple Dominance
Traits are determined by one dominant allele.
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Codominance
Codominance
Where both alleles are expressed.
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Codominance Example
Codominance Example
The ABO blood group.
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Blood Type AB
Blood Type AB
Both IA and IB alleles are expressed.
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Blood Type A Genotype
Blood Type A Genotype
IA/IA or IA/i
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Blood Type B Genotype
Blood Type B Genotype
IB/IB or IB/i
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Blood Type O
Blood Type O
ii genotype
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Sex-Linked Genes
Sex-Linked Genes
Genes located on sex chromosomes.
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Colorblindness
Colorblindness
More common in males.
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X Chromosome Inactivation
X Chromosome Inactivation
One X chromosome is inactivated.
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Barr Body
Barr Body
The inactivated X chromosome.
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Tortoiseshell Color in Cats
Tortoiseshell Color in Cats
Due to random X inactivation.
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Pedigree Analysis
Pedigree Analysis
Family charts that track traits is the analysis of:
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Pedigree Chart
Pedigree Chart
Outlines familial relationships and inheritance.
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Pedigree Circle
Pedigree Circle
Represents females on a pedigree.
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Pedigree Square
Pedigree Square
Represents males on a pedigree.
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Pedigree Horizontal Line
Pedigree Horizontal Line
Indicates marriage on a pedigree.
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Pedigree Vertical Line
Pedigree Vertical Line
Connects parents to offspring on a pedigree.
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Karyotype
- Represents the complete diploid set of chromosomes arranged by size.
- Chromosomes are displayed in pairs, helping identify structural abnormalities.
Genome
- Refers to the entire set of genetic information encoded in an organism’s DNA.
Chromosome Photography
- Chromosomes are photographed during mitosis for clear visualization as they are fully condensed at this stage.
Chromosome Pairs
- Humans possess paired chromosomes (46 total) due to the union of haploid cells (sperm and egg; each contributing 23 chromosomes).
Sex Chromosomes
- Among the 46 human chromosomes, 2 are sex chromosomes, determining an individual's sex.
Gender Indicators
- XX denotes a female.
- XY denotes a male.
Gender Ratio
- The sex ratio of 50:50 arises because eggs carry only X chromosomes, while sperm can carry either X or Y.
Size of Sex Chromosomes
- The X chromosome contains over 1200 genes while the Y chromosome contains around 140 genes, making X significantly larger.
Autosomal Chromosomes
- The remaining 44 chromosomes in humans that are not classified as sex chromosomes.
Patterns of Inheritance
- Human traits exhibit patterns of simple dominance, codominance, and sex-linkage.
MCIR Gene
- The MCIR gene plays a crucial role in the determination of skin and hair color.
Simple Dominance Examples
- Traits influenced by simple dominance include those determined by the MCIR and RH genes.
Codominance Example
- The ABO blood group exemplifies codominance, where both IA and IB alleles are expressed.
Blood Type Classifications
- Blood type AB results from the presence of both IA and IB alleles.
- Blood type A can be IA/IA or IA/i.
- Blood type B can be IB/IB or IB/i.
- Blood type O is characterized by ii genotype.
Sex-Linked Genes
- These are genes located on the sex chromosomes, often influencing traits related to gender.
Colorblindness
- More prevalent in males because it requires only one affected X chromosome, while females need two.
X Chromosome Adjustment in Females
- In females, one X chromosome is randomly inactivated, creating a Barr body, a dense region that typically does not result in expression of most genes.
Color Variance in Female Cats
- Female cats can exhibit tortoiseshell coloring due to the random inactivation of X chromosomes, allowing for the expression of both black and orange fur.
Pedigree Analysis
- Pedigrees provide insight into the inheritance patterns of specific traits through family charts.
Pedigree Chart Components
- A pedigree chart visually outlines familial relationships, aiding in the tracking of inherited traits.
- Circles represent females, while squares represent males.
- Horizontal lines indicate marriage, and vertical lines connect parents to their offspring.
- Shaded shapes indicate individuals possessing a trait, while non-shaded shapes indicate those who do not.
Pedigrees in Other Species
- Pedigrees are not limited to human analysis; they can be used for studying inheritance in various species.
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