Biology Chapter 14 Flashcards

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What are disease-causing microorganisms called?

pathogen

Pathogenic microorganisms have special properties that allow them to invade the human body or produce toxins.

True

When a microorganism overcomes the body's defenses, a _____ results.

state of disease

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Pathology = The study of disease and effects on host Etiology = The cause of a disease Pathogenesis = The development of disease Epidemiology = Study of when and where disease occur and how they are transmitted Signup and view all the answers

___ is the invasion and growth of pathogens in the body. A _ is an organism that shelters and supports the growth of pathogens. ___ is an abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is incapable of performing normal functions.

Infection, host, disease Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when the normal microbiota can prevent pathogens from causing an infection?

microbial antagonism Signup and view all the answers

Normal microbiota and the host exist in _____.

symbiosis Signup and view all the answers

What are Koch's postulates?

Criteria for establishing that specific microbes cause specific diseases. Signup and view all the answers

A patient may exhibit symptoms and signs to make a diagnosis, which include _ and _ changes.

subjective, measurable Signup and view all the answers

Disease occurrence is reported by _ and _ in a defined population, in a specified time.

incidence, prevalence Signup and view all the answers

What are the 5 periods of disease?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a reservoir of infection?

A continual source of infection. Signup and view all the answers

Transmission of disease involves ___ contact, _ contact, and ___ transmission.

direct, indirect, fomite Signup and view all the answers

What is a syndrome?

A specific group of symptoms or signs that always accompanies a specific disease. Signup and view all the answers

Communicable diseases are _ and noncommunicable diseases are _

transmitted directly or indirectly from one host to another. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pathogens and Disease

Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms.
Certain pathogenic microorganisms possess properties to invade the human body and produce toxins.

Disease States

When a microorganism breaches the body’s defenses, it leads to a state of disease.

Key Concepts in Pathology

Pathology: study of diseases and their effects on hosts.
Etiology: cause of a disease.
Pathogenesis: development process of a disease.
Epidemiology: focuses on the timing, locations, and transmission of diseases.

Infections and Disease Relationships

Infections occur through the invasion and growth of pathogens in the body.
A host is an organism that provides shelter for pathogens.
Disease refers to an abnormal state where the body cannot perform normal functions.
Normal microbiota can prevent infections through microbial antagonism.

Symbiosis and Relationships

Symbiosis: living together; includes three types:
- Commensalism: one benefits, the other unaffected.
- Mutualism: both benefit.
- Parasitism: one benefits at the other’s expense.
Opportunistic pathogens can cause disease under certain conditions when a mutualistic relationship shifts to parasitism.

Koch's Postulates

Criteria for associating specific microbes with specific diseases:
- Pathogen must be present in every instance of the disease.
- Pathogen must be isolated in pure culture.
- The isolated pathogen should cause the same disease in a susceptible laboratory animal.
- The pathogen must be re-isolated from the inoculated animal.

Diagnosis

Symptoms (subjective changes) and signs (measurable changes) are vital for disease diagnosis.

Disease Metrics

Disease occurrence is expressed in terms of incidence (new cases) and prevalence (existing cases) in a specified population and time.

Disease Progression

Five periods of disease:
- Incubation period: time from infection to first symptoms.
- Prodromal period: mild signs and symptoms appear.
- Period of illness: disease peak with noticeable signs and symptoms.
- Period of decline: subsidence of symptoms.
- Period of convalescence: return to health.

Reservoirs of Infection

Reservoirs of infection are continual sources of disease.
Human reservoirs include infected individuals and carriers.
Zoonoses are diseases from animals that can infect humans.
Nonliving reservoirs like soil and water can also host pathogens.

Disease Transmission

Disease transmission can occur through:
- Direct contact: physical interaction between sick and healthy individuals.
- Indirect contact: pathogen transfer without direct contact.
- Fomites: inanimate objects that transmit pathogens.
- Mechanisms: include droplets (through coughing/sneezing) and vectors (organisms like arthropods that carry pathogens).

Syndromes and Disease Types

A syndrome is a specific group of symptoms or signs linked to a particular disease.
Communicable diseases can spread from host to host.
Contagious diseases are a subset of communicable diseases that spread rapidly.
Noncommunicable diseases result from microorganisms that don't typically spread between hosts.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards from Chapter 14 of Biology, focusing on disease-causing microorganisms and their properties. Learn key terms such as pathogens, etiology, and more. Perfect for exam preparation and review.