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Which fossil formation method involves the preservation of an organism's original material?
Which fossil formation method involves the preservation of an organism's original material?
What type of fossil is created when a mold forms from the original organism and is then filled with sediments?
What type of fossil is created when a mold forms from the original organism and is then filled with sediments?
Which fossil type represents evidence of an organism's activity, such as footprints or burrows?
Which fossil type represents evidence of an organism's activity, such as footprints or burrows?
What process is primarily responsible for the movement of Earth's continents?
What process is primarily responsible for the movement of Earth's continents?
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How does the absence of oxygen contribute to intact preservation of organisms?
How does the absence of oxygen contribute to intact preservation of organisms?
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In which way can fossils provide insights into past environmental conditions?
In which way can fossils provide insights into past environmental conditions?
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Which fossilization method does NOT typically result in a fossil preserving the original organism?
Which fossilization method does NOT typically result in a fossil preserving the original organism?
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What phenomenon accounts for the drastic changes in Earth's geography over the last 200 million years?
What phenomenon accounts for the drastic changes in Earth's geography over the last 200 million years?
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What type of reproductive barrier prevents fertilization due to mating organs being incompatible?
What type of reproductive barrier prevents fertilization due to mating organs being incompatible?
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Which reproductive barrier occurs when hybrid offspring are unable to reproduce?
Which reproductive barrier occurs when hybrid offspring are unable to reproduce?
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What does hybrid inviability mean in the context of reproductive barriers?
What does hybrid inviability mean in the context of reproductive barriers?
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What is the primary characteristic of allopatric speciation?
What is the primary characteristic of allopatric speciation?
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Which example illustrates behavioral isolation?
Which example illustrates behavioral isolation?
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Which type of isolation is characterized by different species being active or fertile at different times?
Which type of isolation is characterized by different species being active or fertile at different times?
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How does parapatric speciation differ from sympatric speciation?
How does parapatric speciation differ from sympatric speciation?
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Which of the following examples illustrates allopatric speciation?
Which of the following examples illustrates allopatric speciation?
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What is a key characteristic of hybrid breakdown?
What is a key characteristic of hybrid breakdown?
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In sympatric speciation, populations diverge due to:
In sympatric speciation, populations diverge due to:
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What kind of isolation occurs when species occupy different habitats?
What kind of isolation occurs when species occupy different habitats?
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What is a defining feature of parapatric speciation?
What is a defining feature of parapatric speciation?
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Which barrier is an example of gametic isolation?
Which barrier is an example of gametic isolation?
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Which animal is not found in Asia according to the provided information?
Which animal is not found in Asia according to the provided information?
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Why are different phenotypes likely to arise in sympatric speciation scenarios?
Why are different phenotypes likely to arise in sympatric speciation scenarios?
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What outcome occurs when a physical barrier is removed in allopatric speciation?
What outcome occurs when a physical barrier is removed in allopatric speciation?
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What do vestigial structures signify in the context of evolution?
What do vestigial structures signify in the context of evolution?
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Cichlid fish in a small African lake are an example of what type of speciation?
Cichlid fish in a small African lake are an example of what type of speciation?
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Which of the following examples illustrates analogous structures resulting from convergent evolution?
Which of the following examples illustrates analogous structures resulting from convergent evolution?
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Which of the following domains produce animals, fungi, and plants?
Which of the following domains produce animals, fungi, and plants?
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What anatomical similarity is shown among the listed organisms: human, lion, bat, falcon, and seal?
What anatomical similarity is shown among the listed organisms: human, lion, bat, falcon, and seal?
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Which animal is specifically listed as part of the fauna in the Malay Peninsula?
Which animal is specifically listed as part of the fauna in the Malay Peninsula?
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Which of the following animals is associated with vestigial eyes?
Which of the following animals is associated with vestigial eyes?
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Which animal is specifically mentioned as being native to Borneo?
Which animal is specifically mentioned as being native to Borneo?
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Which Kingdom of Domain Eukarya includes organisms that are primarily saprophytic?
Which Kingdom of Domain Eukarya includes organisms that are primarily saprophytic?
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What does the term 'autotrophic' refer to in the context of Kingdom Plantae?
What does the term 'autotrophic' refer to in the context of Kingdom Plantae?
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Approximately how long ago did life arise on Earth?
Approximately how long ago did life arise on Earth?
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Which condition described makes early Earth unable to sustain life?
Which condition described makes early Earth unable to sustain life?
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What were the prevailing conditions on early Earth during the first several billion years?
What were the prevailing conditions on early Earth during the first several billion years?
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What is hypothesized to be a source of biological macromolecules on early Earth?
What is hypothesized to be a source of biological macromolecules on early Earth?
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Which of the following best characterizes organisms in Kingdom Animalia?
Which of the following best characterizes organisms in Kingdom Animalia?
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What are fungus-like organisms classified under in Domain Eukarya?
What are fungus-like organisms classified under in Domain Eukarya?
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What is the final color of the first part of the flower in the model Punctuated equilibrium?
What is the final color of the first part of the flower in the model Punctuated equilibrium?
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During the first stage of the flower's development, what happens to the second part of the flower?
During the first stage of the flower's development, what happens to the second part of the flower?
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Which geological periods are represented on the x-axis of the chart showing taxonomic groups?
Which geological periods are represented on the x-axis of the chart showing taxonomic groups?
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What do the major extinction event in the Mesozoic indicate in the chart?
What do the major extinction event in the Mesozoic indicate in the chart?
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What is represented on the y-axis of the chart displaying relative numbers of taxonomic groups?
What is represented on the y-axis of the chart displaying relative numbers of taxonomic groups?
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How many extinct species of vertebrate animals are represented in the graph of the sixth mass extinction?
How many extinct species of vertebrate animals are represented in the graph of the sixth mass extinction?
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In the graph of the sixth mass extinction, what is the range for the number of extinct species for plants on islands?
In the graph of the sixth mass extinction, what is the range for the number of extinct species for plants on islands?
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Which statement correctly summarizes the situation of species extinction currently?
Which statement correctly summarizes the situation of species extinction currently?
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Study Notes
Chapter Summaries
- Chapters 13, 14, and 15 cover topics related to the evidence of evolution, speciation, extinction, and the origin and history of life.
Life on Earth
- Life on Earth first appeared 3.8 billion years ago.
- Scientists use the Geologic Timescale to divide Earth's history into Eons and Eras based on biological and geographical events.
Fossil Evidence of Evolution
- Fossils provide evidence for evolution.
- Paleontology is the study of fossil remains and clues to past life.
- Fossils form through various processes, including compression, petrifaction, impressions, casting, and intact preservation.
Types of Fossils
- Compression fossils: Formed when fine sediment covers a dead organism and compresses into rock.
- Petrified fossils: Formed when minerals replace the organic matter of an organism turning it to stone.
- Impression fossils: Formed when an animal makes an impression in mud, or another soft substance and the mud hardens into rock.
- Cast fossils: Formed when a mold is filled with a material, for example when an animal dies and sinks into soft sediment, the sediment hardens into rock, and a mold is formed.
- Intact fossils: Formed when an organism is suddenly buried in the absence of oxygen, preventing decomposition or scavenging.
Anatomical Relationships
- Investigators study anatomical features to determine the evolutionary relationships of two organisms.
- Homologous structures are inherited from a common ancestor and share similar structures but may differ in function.
- Vestigial structures are homologous to a functional structure in other organisms but have lost their function in some organisms.
- Analogous structures have similar functions but do not derive from a common ancestor, and they result from convergent evolution.
Speciation
- Speciation is the process by which one species splits into two or more species.
- Reproductive isolation occurs when populations are or become separated creating new species.
- Reproductive barriers such as prezygotic and postzygotic barriers can cause speciation.
Spatial Speciation Patterns
- Allopatric speciation occurs when a population is separated by a geographic barrier.
- Parapatric speciation occurs when populations share a geographic border, but there is limited interbreeding.
- Sympatric speciation occurs when populations diverge genetically while living in the same region.
Polyploidy and Aneuploidy
- Many organisms, including plants, can survive with too many or too few chromosomes (Aneuploidy). This can lead to differences in traits and species evolution.
- Many plant species have evolved through polyploidy, in which cells have more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
Extinction
- Extinction is the dying out of a species.
- Mass extinctions occur when many species vanish in a short time due to dramatic environmental changes or catastrophic events.
- Background extinction is the gradual loss of species due to changing environments.
Human Evolution
- Humans are a type of ape called hominins.
- Paleoanthropology is the study of human origins and evolution.
- Paleoanthropologists study fossil evidence of extinct hominins.
- Fossils and DNA show the evolutionary relationships among primates.
- Key fossil hominin groups include Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Homo.
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Description
Explore the fascinating concepts of evidence of evolution, speciation, and extinction through chapters 13 to 15. This quiz covers the origins of life on Earth, as well as the different types of fossil formations and their significance in paleontology. Test your understanding of life's history and the fossil records that reveal the past.
