Biology Chapter 13-15: Evolution and Fossils
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Questions and Answers

Which fossil formation method involves the preservation of an organism's original material?

  • Intact preservation (correct)
  • Impressions
  • Compression
  • Cast preservation

What type of fossil is created when a mold forms from the original organism and is then filled with sediments?

  • Cast fossil (correct)
  • Organic fossil
  • Trace fossil
  • Petrified fossil

Which fossil type represents evidence of an organism's activity, such as footprints or burrows?

  • Cast fossil
  • Trace fossil (correct)
  • Intact fossil
  • Organic fossil

What process is primarily responsible for the movement of Earth's continents?

<p>Plate tectonics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the absence of oxygen contribute to intact preservation of organisms?

<p>It minimizes decomposition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which way can fossils provide insights into past environmental conditions?

<p>By indicating the types of sediments present (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fossilization method does NOT typically result in a fossil preserving the original organism?

<p>Impression formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon accounts for the drastic changes in Earth's geography over the last 200 million years?

<p>Plate tectonics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproductive barrier prevents fertilization due to mating organs being incompatible?

<p>Mechanical isolation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive barrier occurs when hybrid offspring are unable to reproduce?

<p>Hybrid sterility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hybrid inviability mean in the context of reproductive barriers?

<p>Hybrid offspring are unable to mature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of allopatric speciation?

<p>A physical barrier separates populations preventing interbreeding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates behavioral isolation?

<p>Frog mating calls differ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of isolation is characterized by different species being active or fertile at different times?

<p>Temporal isolation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does parapatric speciation differ from sympatric speciation?

<p>Sympatric speciation occurs in a shared habitat with overlapping populations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples illustrates allopatric speciation?

<p>Galápagos tortoises diverging into subspecies on separate islands. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of hybrid breakdown?

<p>Second-generation hybrids have reduced fitness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In sympatric speciation, populations diverge due to:

<p>The existence of distinct microenvironments within the same habitat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of isolation occurs when species occupy different habitats?

<p>Habitat isolation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of parapatric speciation?

<p>Most individuals mate within their own population, despite geographic proximity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which barrier is an example of gametic isolation?

<p>Incompatibility of sea urchin gametes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal is not found in Asia according to the provided information?

<p>Tree kangaroo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are different phenotypes likely to arise in sympatric speciation scenarios?

<p>The existence of multiple microenvironments that favor different traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome occurs when a physical barrier is removed in allopatric speciation?

<p>Interbreeding may resume between the previously separated populations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do vestigial structures signify in the context of evolution?

<p>Organs that have lost their original function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cichlid fish in a small African lake are an example of what type of speciation?

<p>Sympatric speciation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples illustrates analogous structures resulting from convergent evolution?

<p>Cactus and succulent plants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following domains produce animals, fungi, and plants?

<p>Domain Eukarya (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical similarity is shown among the listed organisms: human, lion, bat, falcon, and seal?

<p>Common descent indicated by fore limbs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal is specifically listed as part of the fauna in the Malay Peninsula?

<p>Elephant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals is associated with vestigial eyes?

<p>Blind mole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal is specifically mentioned as being native to Borneo?

<p>Tiger (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Kingdom of Domain Eukarya includes organisms that are primarily saprophytic?

<p>Kingdom Fungi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'autotrophic' refer to in the context of Kingdom Plantae?

<p>Organisms that can produce their own food. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how long ago did life arise on Earth?

<p>3.8 Billion Years Ago (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition described makes early Earth unable to sustain life?

<p>Excessive temperature and pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the prevailing conditions on early Earth during the first several billion years?

<p>Conditions were harsh, preventing complex molecules from forming. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hypothesized to be a source of biological macromolecules on early Earth?

<p>Chemical reactions in a prehistoric ocean. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes organisms in Kingdom Animalia?

<p>Multicellular and heterotrophic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are fungus-like organisms classified under in Domain Eukarya?

<p>Kingdom Protista (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final color of the first part of the flower in the model Punctuated equilibrium?

<p>Yellow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the first stage of the flower's development, what happens to the second part of the flower?

<p>Increases in size and turns dark purple (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which geological periods are represented on the x-axis of the chart showing taxonomic groups?

<p>Mesozoic and Cenozoic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the major extinction event in the Mesozoic indicate in the chart?

<p>Extinction of nonavian dinosaur families (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is represented on the y-axis of the chart displaying relative numbers of taxonomic groups?

<p>Relative number of taxonomic groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many extinct species of vertebrate animals are represented in the graph of the sixth mass extinction?

<p>275 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the graph of the sixth mass extinction, what is the range for the number of extinct species for plants on islands?

<p>0 to 50 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly summarizes the situation of species extinction currently?

<p>The sixth mass extinction is occurring among both plants and vertebrate animals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Organic Fossil

Preserved remains of an organism, often formed by compression where soft tissues are replaced by minerals.

Petrified Fossil

Fossil formed when minerals replace the original organic material, preserving the organism's shape.

Trace Fossil

Fossil evidence of an organism's activity, like footprints, burrows, or nests.

Cast Fossil

Fossil formed when a mold (empty space) is filled with minerals, creating a 3D replica of the original organism.

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Intact Preservation

Rare fossil where the entire organism is preserved, often due to sudden burial and lack of oxygen.

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Biogeography

The study of the distribution of species across Earth's surface.

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Plate Tectonics

The theory that Earth's continents move slowly due to forces deep within the planet.

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How do Fossils Form?

Fossils form through various processes like compression, petrification, impressions, casts, and intact preservation, depending on the environment and organism.

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Prezygotic Reproductive Barriers

Factors that prevent mating or fertilization from occurring between species.

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Habitat Isolation

Species live in different habitats and rarely encounter each other.

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Temporal Isolation

Species breed at different times of day, season, or year, preventing interbreeding.

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Behavioral Isolation

Species have different courtship rituals or mating signals that prevent successful mating.

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Mechanical Isolation

Physical incompatibility of reproductive organs or pollinators prevents fertilization.

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Gametic Isolation

Gametes (sperm and egg) from different species are unable to fuse and form a zygote.

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Postzygotic Reproductive Barriers

Factors that prevent hybrid offspring from developing or reproducing successfully.

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Hybrid Inviability

Hybrid offspring fail to develop or reach maturity.

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Domain Eukarya

A domain of life characterized by organisms with eukaryotic cells (cells containing a nucleus).

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Kingdom Protista

A kingdom of mostly unicellular eukaryotic organisms, including protozoans, algae, and some fungi-like molds.

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Kingdom Fungi

A kingdom of eukaryotic organisms, often multicellular, that obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter (saprophytic) or from living organisms (parasitic).

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Kingdom Plantae

A kingdom of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are autotrophic - they make their own food through photosynthesis.

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Kingdom Animalia

A kingdom of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic - they obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms. They are also motile (can move).

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Geologic Timescale

A system that describes the major events in the history of life on Earth, organized in units of time such as eons, eras, periods, and epochs.

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Early Earth's Conditions

Conditions on early Earth were too harsh to support life because of high atmospheric pressure and temperature.

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Origin of Biological Macromolecules

Simple molecules combined in early Earth's 'chemical soup' to form the complex biological molecules that make up life.

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Allopatric Speciation

The process where a population is physically separated by a barrier, preventing interbreeding and leading to divergence into distinct species.

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Parapatric Speciation

The formation of new species in neighboring populations, where limited interbreeding occurs, leading to divergence over time.

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Sympatric Speciation

The evolution of new species within the same geographic location, driven by ecological factors and genetic differences.

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Reproductive Barriers

Any factor that prevents individuals from different populations from interbreeding and producing viable offspring.

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What are the three main types of speciation?

The three main types of speciation are allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Allopatric speciation involves physical separation of populations. Parapatric speciation occurs in neighboring populations with limited interbreeding. Sympatric speciation involves the divergence of species within the same geographic area.

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How does allopatric speciation occur?

Allopatric speciation occurs when a population is geographically separated by a barrier, such as a mountain range or a body of water. This separation prevents gene flow between the two groups, leading to independent evolution and, eventually, the formation of new species.

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How does parapatric speciation occur?

In parapatric speciation, neighboring populations evolve into distinct species while sharing a border. Despite some interbreeding, individuals tend to mate with those within their own population, leading to genetic divergence.

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How does sympatric speciation occur?

Sympatric speciation occurs when populations evolve into separate species despite sharing the same habitat. This divergence is driven by ecological differences and genetic variations within the population, favoring different traits.

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What are some animals found in Asia?

Asia is home to diverse animals like bears, rhinos, leopards, elephants, orangutans, and various birds including thrushes, woodpeckers, and pheasants.

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What animals are found in Australia?

Australia's unique fauna includes tree kangaroos, deer, cockatoos, sugar gliders, brush turkeys, and honey suckers.

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What is a forelimb?

A forelimb refers to the limb located on the front part of an animal's body, like our arms or a lion's front paws.

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How do forelimbs show common descent?

Forelimbs of different animals, such as humans, lions, bats, falcons, and seals, have a common underlying structure despite their differences in function, suggesting shared ancestry.

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What is a vestigial structure?

A vestigial structure is a body part that has lost its original function due to evolution.

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How do vestigial structures support evolution?

Vestigial structures, like the blind mole's eyes or the snake's pelvic bones, show that organisms have changed over time and lost features that were once important.

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What are analogous structures?

Analogous structures are body parts that have similar functions but arose independently in different species due to convergent evolution.

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How does evolution create diversity?

Evolutionary processes over millions of years have resulted in the vast diversity of life on Earth, leading to different species with unique traits and adaptations.

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Punctuated Equilibrium

A model of evolution where species experience long periods of stability interrupted by rapid bursts of change, often due to environmental shifts or mass extinction events.

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Mass Extinction

A widespread and rapid decline in biodiversity, often resulting in the extinction of a significant portion of species on Earth. These events are often caused by catastrophic events like asteroid impacts or climate change.

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Nonavian Dinosaur Families

Groups of dinosaurs that are not classified as birds, such as Tyrannosaurus Rex, Triceratops, and Stegosaurus. These families were prevalent during the Mesozoic era.

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Mammal Families

Groups of mammals that share common characteristics and ancestry, such as primates, rodents, and carnivores. These families diversified and thrived during the Cenozoic era.

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Sixth Mass Extinction

The ongoing extinction event driven by human activities, such as habitat destruction, climate change, and pollution. It is characterized by a rapid rate of species loss across the globe.

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Relative Number of Taxonomic Groups

A measure of the diversity and abundance of different groups of organisms in a given time period, often represented as a graph or chart.

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Vertebrate Animals

Animals that have a backbone or spinal column, representing a diverse group including mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and birds.

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Extinct Species

Species that no longer exist in the wild or anywhere else. Extinction occurs when all individuals of a species have died.

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Study Notes

Chapter Summaries

  • Chapters 13, 14, and 15 cover topics related to the evidence of evolution, speciation, extinction, and the origin and history of life.

Life on Earth

  • Life on Earth first appeared 3.8 billion years ago.
  • Scientists use the Geologic Timescale to divide Earth's history into Eons and Eras based on biological and geographical events.

Fossil Evidence of Evolution

  • Fossils provide evidence for evolution.
  • Paleontology is the study of fossil remains and clues to past life.
  • Fossils form through various processes, including compression, petrifaction, impressions, casting, and intact preservation.

Types of Fossils

  • Compression fossils: Formed when fine sediment covers a dead organism and compresses into rock.
  • Petrified fossils: Formed when minerals replace the organic matter of an organism turning it to stone.
  • Impression fossils: Formed when an animal makes an impression in mud, or another soft substance and the mud hardens into rock.
  • Cast fossils: Formed when a mold is filled with a material, for example when an animal dies and sinks into soft sediment, the sediment hardens into rock, and a mold is formed.
  • Intact fossils: Formed when an organism is suddenly buried in the absence of oxygen, preventing decomposition or scavenging.

Anatomical Relationships

  • Investigators study anatomical features to determine the evolutionary relationships of two organisms.
  • Homologous structures are inherited from a common ancestor and share similar structures but may differ in function.
  • Vestigial structures are homologous to a functional structure in other organisms but have lost their function in some organisms.
  • Analogous structures have similar functions but do not derive from a common ancestor, and they result from convergent evolution.

Speciation

  • Speciation is the process by which one species splits into two or more species.
  • Reproductive isolation occurs when populations are or become separated creating new species.
  • Reproductive barriers such as prezygotic and postzygotic barriers can cause speciation.

Spatial Speciation Patterns

  • Allopatric speciation occurs when a population is separated by a geographic barrier.
  • Parapatric speciation occurs when populations share a geographic border, but there is limited interbreeding.
  • Sympatric speciation occurs when populations diverge genetically while living in the same region.

Polyploidy and Aneuploidy

  • Many organisms, including plants, can survive with too many or too few chromosomes (Aneuploidy). This can lead to differences in traits and species evolution.
  • Many plant species have evolved through polyploidy, in which cells have more than two complete sets of chromosomes.

Extinction

  • Extinction is the dying out of a species.
  • Mass extinctions occur when many species vanish in a short time due to dramatic environmental changes or catastrophic events.
  • Background extinction is the gradual loss of species due to changing environments.

Human Evolution

  • Humans are a type of ape called hominins.
  • Paleoanthropology is the study of human origins and evolution.
  • Paleoanthropologists study fossil evidence of extinct hominins.
  • Fossils and DNA show the evolutionary relationships among primates.
  • Key fossil hominin groups include Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Homo.

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Description

Explore the fascinating concepts of evidence of evolution, speciation, and extinction through chapters 13 to 15. This quiz covers the origins of life on Earth, as well as the different types of fossil formations and their significance in paleontology. Test your understanding of life's history and the fossil records that reveal the past.

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