Biology Chapter 12/13 Review
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Questions and Answers

What happens during the process of translation?

  • Messenger RNA is made from DNA
  • Copies of DNA molecules are made
  • Transfer RNA is made from messenger RNA
  • The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins (correct)

    • Genes contain instructions for assembling...

  • Nucleosomes
  • Proteins (correct)
  • Purines
  • Pyrimidines

    • Which of the following are found in both DNA and RNA?

  • Ribose, phosphate groups, and adenine
  • Deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and guanine
  • Phosphate groups, guanine, and thymine
  • Phosphate groups, guanine and cytosine (correct)

    • Transcription proceeds when RNA polymerase...

    <p>Binds to the promoter region of the gene on DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, an RNA molecule is formed...

    <p>Inside the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The function of RNA is to...

    <p>Form ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, the genetic information for making a protein is rewritten as a molecule of...

    <p>Messenger RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each nucleotide triplet in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid is called an...

    <p>Codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The portions of DNA molecules that actually code for the production of proteins are called...

    <p>Exons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transfer RNA...

    <p>Carries an amino acid to its correct codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Griffith's experiments showed that...

    <p>Genetic material could be transferred between dead bacteria and living bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rungs of the DNA 'ladder' consist of...

    <p>Base pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scientists credited with establishing the structure of DNA are...

    <p>Watson and Crick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of...

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The part of the molecule for which deoxyribonucleic acid is named is the...

    <p>Sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two strands of DNA joined by base pairs are called...

    <p>Complementary strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The base pairs of DNA are held together by...

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In RNA, adenine is paired with...

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the three types of RNA.

    <p>tRNA, mRNA, rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Three specific bases in a sequence are known as a...

    <p>Codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does transcription occur?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does translation occur?

    <p>Cytoplasm on a ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many codons are there?

    <p>64</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many amino acids are there?

    <p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which RNA is folded?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of RNA rewrites information from DNA?

    <p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Duplicating DNA is called...

    <p>DNA Replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNA's job ultimately is to make what?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA located in eukaryotes?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar is in RNA?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which base is in RNA but not DNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transcription makes what type of RNA?

    <p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genes contain instructions for making...

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA is made up of long chains of?

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bases are purines?

    <p>Adenine and Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bases are pyrimidines?

    <p>Thymine and Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type of RNA that acts as a template to make proteins?

    <p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type of RNA that carries the amino acid and decodes the mRNA?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type of RNA that makes a ribosome?

    <p>rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Translation Process

    • Translation involves the use of messenger RNA (mRNA) to synthesize proteins within the cell.
    • It is essential for the genetic code contained in mRNA to be translated into a sequence of amino acids.

    Genes and Protein Assembly

    • Genes provide the necessary instructions for assembling proteins.
    • Proteins are crucial macromolecules that play a variety of functional roles in organisms.

    Common Components of DNA and RNA

    • Both DNA and RNA share phosphate groups, guanine, and cytosine as common components.
    • This commonality highlights the structural similarities between both nucleic acids.

    Role of RNA Polymerase

    • RNA polymerase initiates transcription by binding to the promoter region of a gene on DNA.
    • This binding is a critical step in the process of synthesizing RNA from the DNA template.

    Transcription Details

    • RNA synthesis occurs specifically in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
    • The RNA molecule formed is complementary to the DNA template strand and serves various functions in the cell.

    Functions of RNA

    • RNA has multiple roles, including forming ribosomes and carrying amino acids.
    • Messenger RNA (mRNA) serves to convey genetic information for protein synthesis.

    Codons and Exons

    • A codon consists of a three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid.
    • Exons are portions of DNA that contain the coding sequences necessary for protein production.

    Transfer RNA (tRNA)

    • tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome, matching them with their corresponding codons on the mRNA.
    • This function is essential for accurate protein synthesis.

    Griffith's Experiment

    • Griffith's experiments demonstrated that genetic material can be transferred from dead bacteria to living ones, leading to transformation.

    Structure of DNA

    • The DNA molecule consists of two complementary strands held together by hydrogen bonds between base pairs.
    • The rungs of the DNA "ladder" are formed by these base pairs, specifically adenine (A) with thymine (T) and guanine (G) with cytosine (C).

    Discovery of DNA Structure

    • James Watson and Francis Crick are credited with elucidating the double-helix structure of DNA, foundational for understanding genetics.

    Composition of DNA

    • DNA is made up of long chains of nucleotides, which each consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
    • The sugar component of DNA is deoxyribose, while ribose is found in RNA.

    RNA Types and Functions

    • There are three primary types of RNA:
      • mRNA (messenger RNA) serves as a template in protein synthesis.
      • tRNA (transfer RNA) carries amino acids and decodes the mRNA.
      • rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is a structural component of ribosomes.

    Codon and Amino Acid Count

    • There are 64 possible codons that can specify 20 different amino acids in the genetic code.
    • This relationship provides a degree of redundancy in how proteins can be synthesized.

    DNA Location in Eukaryotes

    • Eukaryotic cells house DNA within the nucleus, providing a compartmentalized environment for genetic processes.

    Distinguishing Bases

    • Purines include adenine and guanine, whereas pyrimidines consist of thymine and cytosine.
    • RNA contains uracil instead of thymine, which is found in DNA.

    DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis

    • The process of duplicating DNA is termed DNA replication, which is essential for cell division.
    • The ultimate goal of RNA is to synthesize proteins, crucial for cellular functions and growth.

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    Test your knowledge on the processes of translation and gene function with these flashcards. This quiz covers important concepts from Chapters 12 and 13 of your biology textbook. Strengthen your understanding of how genes instruct the production of proteins.

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