Biology Chapter 12 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following describes the phenomenon where individuals in a population are more likely to survive and reproduce due to random chance?

  • Natural Selection
  • Genetic Drift (correct)
  • Assortative Mating
  • Disassortative Mating

What is the primary outcome of natural selection on harmful mutations?

  • Random fluctuation in the frequency of the mutation
  • Increased frequency of the mutation in the population
  • Decreased frequency of the mutation in the population (correct)
  • No impact on the frequency of the mutation

Which of these is NOT a type of mating preference discussed in the text?

  • Assortative Mating
  • Random Mating
  • Disassortative Mating
  • Non-random Mating (correct)

Which of these is an example of assortative mating?

<p>A male bird choosing a mate with a similar body size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'allele frequency' refer to?

<p>The proportion of a specific allele in a population's gene pool (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the phenomenon where individuals prefer to mate with those who have different genotypes or phenotypes?

<p>Disassortative Mating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main difference between the early Earth's environment and the conditions conducive to life?

<p>The early Earth's environment was dominated by volcanic eruptions and lacked sufficient oxygen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving force behind the elimination of harmful mutations from a population?

<p>Natural selection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the earliest evidence of life on Earth?

<p>Fossils of prokaryotic cells dating back 3.5 BYA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of evolution mentioned in the text?

<p>Gene flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules were found in the Murchison meteorite?

<p>Amino acids, simple sugars, and nitrogenous bases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules?

<p>It demonstrates that life can arise from nonliving matter under certain conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'protocells' refer to?

<p>Droplets with membranes that maintain a different internal chemistry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the dominant form of life on Earth for 1.5 billion years?

<p>Prokaryotic cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in the hypothesized four-step process of life formation?

<p>The process of photosynthesis evolving in early prokaryotes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor that contributed to the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules besides electrical sparks and volcanic eruptions?

<p>The presence of abundant water on Earth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'descent with modification'?

<p>The idea that new species arise from existing species through evolutionary processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Charles Darwin propose regarding the origins of species?

<p>New species emerge through natural selection from ancestral species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which observation is NOT part of Darwin's explanation for 'descent with modification'?

<p>The random emergence of species without a common ancestor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did natural selection play in Darwin's theory?

<p>It was proposed as the mechanism driving evolution and species adaptation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Darwin's voyage on the Beagle contribute to his theory?

<p>He collected observations that revealed the diversity and adaptation of life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Hutton's Theory of Gradualism explain regarding geological changes?

<p>They are the result of slow, continuous processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core idea of Lyell's Theory of Uniformitarianism?

<p>The same natural laws apply to both past and present geology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jean Baptiste Lamarck's principles suggest that evolution is driven by which of the following?

<p>Physiological needs and inheritance of acquired characteristics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly summarizes Lamarck's view on species extinction?

<p>Species that evolve simply transform into other species instead of going extinct. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Hutton and Lyell both contribute to our understanding of geology?

<p>The principle that current geological processes are key to understanding the past. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hypothesis did Lamarck make about the evolution of species in the Galapagos?

<p>Species evolved from the mainland and diversified in isolation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect did Lamarck’s theory of use and disuse emphasize?

<p>That traits not used will diminish over generations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant criticism of Lamarck's theories?

<p>They fail to explain how traits were inherited over generations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which the host cell initially sustained itself?

<p>Phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the relationship between the host cell and organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts is TRUE?

<p>The relationship is mutualistic, where both organisms benefit from the interaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a piece of evidence supporting the theory of endosymbiosis?

<p>Mitochondria and chloroplasts lack the ability to synthesize their own proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria within a cell?

<p>Cellular respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key process that drives the formation of new species or higher taxonomic groups?

<p>Macroevolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

<p>Microevolution involves changes within a population, while macroevolution involves the origin of new species. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a beneficial trait that natural selection would favor?

<p>A flower that blooms earlier in the season, allowing it to attract pollinators before other flowers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate time period of the Eocene Epoch?

<p>55-35 million years ago (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the Oligocene Epoch?

<p>The evolution of horses, antelopes, cats, and oreodonts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a defining characteristic of the Mesozoic Era?

<p>It was a time of extensive glacial periods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following evolutionary events occurred during the Triassic Period?

<p>The first dinosaurs evolved and began to colonize land, water, and air. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which geological event occurred during the Triassic Period?

<p>The splitting of Pangea into Laurasia and Gondwanaland. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Jurassic Period?

<p>Known as the Age of Dinosaurs, with flourishing dinosaur species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has climate change affected the Earth during the Quaternary Period?

<p>The Earth experienced prolonged periods of global cooling, leading to ice ages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Pliocene Epoch?

<p>A time of significant global cooling after the warmer Miocene. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cambrian Explosion

A rapid increase in biodiversity around 541 million years ago, characterized by the emergence of hard-shelled organisms.

Phanerozoic Eon

The current eon in the geologic time scale, starting around 541 million years ago and marked by abundant fossil evidence.

Mesozoic Era

An era known as the Age of Dinosaurs, spanning from about 252 to 66 million years ago, characterized by the dominance of reptiles.

Eocene Epoch

A division of the Paleogene Period from 55 to 35 million years ago, known for warmer climates and the rise of early mammals.

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Jurassic Period

Middle period of the Mesozoic Era (201 to 145 million years ago) known as the Golden Age of Dinosaurs.

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Triassic Period

First period of the Mesozoic Era (approximately 250 to 201 million years ago), where first dinosaurs evolved.

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Oligocene Epoch

Epoch within the Paleogene Period (34 to 23 million years ago) characterized by significant evolutionary advances in mammals.

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Quaternary Period

Most recent geological time period, beginning 2.58 million years ago, marked by climate cooling and ice ages.

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Earliest life evidence

Fossils of prokaryotic cells, dating back 3.5 BYA, are the earliest evidence of life.

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Prokaryotes

Earth's first organisms, dominant for 1.5 billion years until eukaryotes arose.

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Eukaryotes emergence

Eukaryotes appeared approximately 1.8 BYA, evolving from earlier prokaryotic organisms.

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Abiotic synthesis

The nonliving synthesis of organic molecules, such as amino acids, from inorganic compounds.

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Miller's experiment

Simulated early Earth conditions to demonstrate the abiotic production of amino acids.

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Macromolecules

Large molecules made from smaller organic molecules like proteins and nucleic acids.

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Protocells

Droplets with membranes that encapsulated macromolecules, maintaining separate internal chemistry.

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Meteorite findings

Murchison meteorite contains over 80 amino acids, suggesting extraterrestrial origins of building blocks.

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Heterotroph

An organism that sustains itself by consuming other cells.

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Phagocytosis

The process of engulfing other cells by a host cell.

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Mitochondria

Organelles formed from the ingestion of bacteria capable of aerobic respiration.

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Chloroplasts

Organelles formed when photosynthetic bacteria were engulfed by a host cell.

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Natural Selection

The process that encourages traits increasing survival and reproduction.

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Mutation

A force responsible for creating novel traits and behaviors through variation.

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Macroevolution

Processes that give rise to new species and groups with divergent characteristics.

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Microevolution

Small-scale evolution with changes in populations over time.

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Theory of Gradualism

Proposes that profound geological changes occur slowly over time, not by sudden events.

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Theory of Uniformitarianism

States that geological processes in the past are same as those in the present.

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Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Proposed the principle of use and disuse, suggesting evolution is driven by needs.

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Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

Lamarck's idea that traits acquired during life are passed to offspring.

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Galapagos Species Diversification

Species from mainland South America evolved into multiple species on Galapagos islands.

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Species Evolution Hypothesis

Lamarck's view that species evolve into different forms over time without extinction.

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Charles Lyell

Author of 'Principles of Geology', who supported uniformitarian views in geology.

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Catastrophism vs. Gradualism

Contrasts sudden, catastrophic events with gradual, continuous processes in shaping Earth.

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Lamarckism

Theory proposing that organisms can pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to offspring.

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Descent with Modification

Darwin's principle that species change over time, leading to diversity from common ancestors.

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Common Ancestor

An early species from which multiple species evolved, indicating shared genetic heritage.

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Evolutionary Evidence

Discoveries showing species have changed over time, supporting Darwin's theories on evolution.

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Allele Frequency

The rate at which a specific allele appears in a population's gene pool, expressed as a percentage or decimal.

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Nondisjunction Mating

When individuals prefer to mate with those having similar or different traits within a population.

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Assortative Mating

Preference for mating with individuals who are phenotypically similar.

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Disassortative Mating

Preference for mating with individuals who have different genotypes or phenotypes.

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Genetic Drift

Random changes in allele frequencies in a population, often due to chance events.

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Phenotypes

The observable traits or characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment.

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Study Notes

History of the Earth

  • Earth is 4.54 billion years old
  • Life emerged around 3.5 billion years ago
  • Modern humans appeared 100-150 thousand years ago

Theories of the Earth's Origin

  • Big Bang Theory: The universe was created between 10 and 20 billion years ago, from a cosmic explosion.
  • Steady State Theory: Matter is constantly created as the Universe expands.

Fossils and Geologic Time Scale

  • Fossil records in rock strata provide insights into Earth's evolutionary history
  • Geologic time scales are based on fossil sequences in sedimentary rock layers.
  • An Eon is the largest division, spanning hundreds of millions of years to billions of years ago (mya)
  • An Era spans periods of tens to hundreds of millions of years
  • A Period spans no more than one hundred million years
  • An Epoch is the smallest division, characterized by distinct organisms.

Precambrian Super Eon

  • The Earth's earliest era, marked by its formation.
  • Spanning from 4.6 to 3.8 billion years ago
  • No life was known during this eon.

Paleozoic Era

  • Marks a period of about 300 million years.
  • The Cambrian Explosion was a rapid period of speciation.
  • Features include the evolution of hard external skeletons, sponges, trilobites, clams, snails, and sea urchins from a rapid period of speciation.
  • First fish evolved
  • First seed plants evolved with protective seed coats and food storage in cotyledons
  • First amphibians evolved, living in water and on land
  • Dinosaurs flourished (Jurassic and Triassic)
  • High temperatures
  • Appearance of flowering plants and insects
  • First reptile evolved

Mesozoic Era

  • Known as the Age of Dinosaurs, representing the middle life period.
  • Includes the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods.
  • First dinosaurs evolved, colonizing land, water and air.
  • Extinction of dinosaurs marks the end of the era.

Cenozoic Era

  • Era known as the Age of Mammals
  • The Tertiary period saw the evolution of mammals, and grasslands
  • The Quaternary period saw the development of Homo sapiens.
  • Global cooling and ice ages

Early Life and the Emergence of Life

  • Earth formed from dust and rocks about 4.6 billion years ago
  • Early atmosphere lacked oxygen, was rich in water vapor, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen
  • Early life forms are prokaryotic, dating back 3.5 billion years
  • Prokaryotes, such as bacteria and cyanobacteria, dominated for 1.5 billion years until eukaryotes appeared
  • Scientists believe that life emerged through a series of four stages
    1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
    2. Joining of these molecules into macromolecules
    3. Packaging of the molecules into protocells
    4. Origin of self-replicating molecules
  • Stromatolites formed from prokaryotes
  • Photosynthesis evolved in prokaryotes
  • First evidence of fossils 3.4 BYA

Mechanisms of Evolution

  • Natural Selection: Organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
  • Mutation: Forces that cause new traits. Beneficial promote evolution while harmful are eliminated.
  • Genetic Drift: Change in allele frequencies due to random chance in small populations.
  • Gene Flow: Movement of alleles into or out of a population
  • Nonrandom mating: Mates will choose mates with similar characteristics.
  • Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: Allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant without evolutionary forces.

Phylogeny

  • Phylogenetic trees represent hypothesis of evolutionary relationships among species.
  • Includes ancestral lineages and branching patterns.
  • Rooted tree has single root representing a common ancestor for all species on the tree.
  • An unrooted tree does not show a common ancestral point for all the species

Speciation

  • Allopatric speciation occurs when a population is geographically divided
  • Peripatric speciation occurs when a small group breaks off from a larger population to form a new species.
  • Parapatric speciation occurs when population is geographically contiguous but evolves into a new species.
  • Sympatric speciation occurs within a population's range with no physical barrier

Development of Evolutionary Thought

  • Aristotle viewed species as fixed.
  • Linnaeus developed binomial nomenclature, a two-part naming system for species.
  • Cuvier developed paleontology and the concept of catastrophism.
  • Hutton and Lyell proposed gradualism and uniformitarianism, which helped Darwin understand the age of Earth.
  • Lamarck proposed the inheritance of acquired traits to explain adaptations; however, it was incorrect.
  • Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, based on observations of nature and fossils

Modern System of Classification

  • Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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Test your knowledge on key concepts from Biology Chapter 12, including natural selection, mating preferences, and evolutionary mechanisms. This quiz covers important topics like allele frequency and early Earth conditions that are crucial for understanding evolutionary biology.

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