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Questions and Answers
What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis? (Select all that apply)
What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis? (Select all that apply)
The centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up during which phase of mitosis?
The centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up during which phase of mitosis?
The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
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The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form during which phase of mitosis?
The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form during which phase of mitosis?
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At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called _____.
At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called _____.
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If grasshopper cells contain 200 units of DNA during the G2 phase, how many units of DNA are present at G1 in one of the daughter cells?
If grasshopper cells contain 200 units of DNA during the G2 phase, how many units of DNA are present at G1 in one of the daughter cells?
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How many maternal chromosomes are present in a somatic human cell not engaged in cell division?
How many maternal chromosomes are present in a somatic human cell not engaged in cell division?
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The quantity of DNA in the cells doubled _____.
The quantity of DNA in the cells doubled _____.
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'Cytokinesis' refers to ______.
'Cytokinesis' refers to ______.
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During what phase in the cell cycle would you find the most DNA per cell?
During what phase in the cell cycle would you find the most DNA per cell?
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The function of the mitotic cell cycle is to produce daughter cells that _____.
The function of the mitotic cell cycle is to produce daughter cells that _____.
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During interphase, the genetic material of a typical eukaryotic cell is _____.
During interphase, the genetic material of a typical eukaryotic cell is _____.
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Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis?
Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis?
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DNA replication occurs in ______.
DNA replication occurs in ______.
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Tissue culture experiments with PDGF demonstrate that without this substance _____.
Tissue culture experiments with PDGF demonstrate that without this substance _____.
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In a human cell that is going through the cell cycle, when do the centrosomes separate?
In a human cell that is going through the cell cycle, when do the centrosomes separate?
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Down syndrome is characterized by cells having three copies of chromosome 21. As a cell in an individual with Down syndrome prepares to enter mitosis, how many chromatids would be present?
Down syndrome is characterized by cells having three copies of chromosome 21. As a cell in an individual with Down syndrome prepares to enter mitosis, how many chromatids would be present?
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Which of the following hypotheses is best supported by observing cancer cells in a culture?
Which of the following hypotheses is best supported by observing cancer cells in a culture?
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If the human somatic cell is just about to divide, it has _____ chromatids.
If the human somatic cell is just about to divide, it has _____ chromatids.
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Which of the events occur during anaphase?
Which of the events occur during anaphase?
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Chromatids are _____
Chromatids are _____
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One event occurring during prophase is ______.
One event occurring during prophase is ______.
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A cell entering the cell cycle with 32 chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each with _____
A cell entering the cell cycle with 32 chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each with _____
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The region of a chromosome in which the two double strands of replicated DNA are held together is called _____
The region of a chromosome in which the two double strands of replicated DNA are held together is called _____
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The phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes move towards separate poles of the cell is _____.
The phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes move towards separate poles of the cell is _____.
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The person credited with first recognizing (in the 1860s) that living cells cannot arise spontaneously, but arise only from previously existing cells, is _____.
The person credited with first recognizing (in the 1860s) that living cells cannot arise spontaneously, but arise only from previously existing cells, is _____.
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You would UNLIKELY be able to see which of the following human cells dividing?
You would UNLIKELY be able to see which of the following human cells dividing?
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You would know that a dividing cell was a plant cell rather than an animal cell if you saw that ____.
You would know that a dividing cell was a plant cell rather than an animal cell if you saw that ____.
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At which stage of mitosis are chromosomes lined up in one plane in prep for their separation to opposite poles of the cell?
At which stage of mitosis are chromosomes lined up in one plane in prep for their separation to opposite poles of the cell?
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Following cytokinesis in an animal cell, how many centrioles does each new daughter cell possess?
Following cytokinesis in an animal cell, how many centrioles does each new daughter cell possess?
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Which of the following is FALSE regarding sister chromatids?
Which of the following is FALSE regarding sister chromatids?
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Which of the following processes does NOT occur in dividing bacteria?
Which of the following processes does NOT occur in dividing bacteria?
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During which stage of the cell cycle do sister chromatids separate?
During which stage of the cell cycle do sister chromatids separate?
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Which of the following phases of mitosis is essentially the OPPOSITE of prometaphase in terms of the nuclear envelope?
Which of the following phases of mitosis is essentially the OPPOSITE of prometaphase in terms of the nuclear envelope?
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What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?
What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?
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In telophase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle breaks down and the chromatin uncoils. This is essentially the opposite of what happens in _____.
In telophase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle breaks down and the chromatin uncoils. This is essentially the opposite of what happens in _____.
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Which of the following represents a mismatch or incorrect description?
Which of the following represents a mismatch or incorrect description?
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The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called ____.
The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called ____.
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Which of the following is involved in the binary fission of most bacteria?
Which of the following is involved in the binary fission of most bacteria?
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The centromere is a region in which _____
The centromere is a region in which _____
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In animal cell mitosis, the cleavage furrow forms during which stage of the cell cycle?
In animal cell mitosis, the cleavage furrow forms during which stage of the cell cycle?
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If a cell contains 60 chromatids at the start of mitosis, how many chromosomes will be found in each daughter cell at the completion of the cell cycle?
If a cell contains 60 chromatids at the start of mitosis, how many chromosomes will be found in each daughter cell at the completion of the cell cycle?
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Assume that you are dealing with a species in which the number of chromosomes in each somatic cell is 14. How many sister chromatids are present in the early telophase of mitosis?
Assume that you are dealing with a species in which the number of chromosomes in each somatic cell is 14. How many sister chromatids are present in the early telophase of mitosis?
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When a cell in S phase is fused with a cell in G1, ______.
When a cell in S phase is fused with a cell in G1, ______.
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During binary fission in a bacterium,_____
During binary fission in a bacterium,_____
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Study Notes
Mitosis Overview
- Mitosis is a process where a cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.
- Key phases include Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
- Before mitosis begins, chromosomes must be duplicated during the S phase of interphase.
Phases of Mitosis
- Prophase: Centrosomes separate, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers begin to form.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator, preparing for separation.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell.
- Telophase: Chromatids reach the poles, the nuclear envelope reforms, and the chromatin uncoils.
Cytokinesis
- Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm, occurring at the end of the M phase.
- In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms during cytokinesis, while plant cells form a cell plate.
Chromosome and DNA Count
- G1 phase contains half the amount of DNA as the G2 phase in daughter cells. Example: 200 units in G2 means 100 in G1.
- Human somatic cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total), and 92 chromatids are present just before mitosis.
- Following cytokinesis, each daughter cell possesses 2 centrioles.
Chromatid and Centromere
- Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome, joined at the centromere.
- Chromatids are formed during the S phase of interphase and are separated during anaphase.
Cancer and Cell Division
- Cancer cells do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition, leading to uncontrolled division.
- PDGF (Platelet-Derived Growth Factor) is crucial for normal cell division; without it, cells like fibroblasts fail to divide.
Differences between Tumors
- Benign tumors do not metastasize, while malignant tumors spread to other tissues.
- Mitosis does not occur in bacteria; instead, they divide via binary fission.
DNA Replication
- DNA replication occurs during the S phase of interphase.
- Cells engaged in cell division do not replicate chromosomes during mitosis.
Other Concepts
- Chromatin refers to the complex of DNA and proteins in eukaryotic chromosomes.
- Chromosomes are at their most condensed state during mitosis, while interphase involves dispersed chromatin.
- Virchow's hypothesis states that all cells arise from pre-existing cells, contradicting earlier notions of spontaneous generation.
Key Misconceptions
- Alignment of chromosomes occurs in metaphase, not prophase.
- Mitosis does not involve replication of chromosomes; this occurs in the S phase.
These notes encapsulate foundational concepts regarding mitosis, cell division, and related cellular mechanisms crucial for understanding biology at the cellular level.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key concepts of cell division with these flashcards focused on mitosis from Biology Chapter 12. Each question targets essential processes, such as chromatid separation and cell cycle phases, crucial for understanding cellular functions.
