Biology Chapter 12 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the sugar in DNA?

deoxyribose

What is the sugar in RNA?

ribose

How many strands does DNA have?

2 strands

How many strands does RNA have?

1 strand Signup and view all the answers

What is the base for DNA?

ATGC Signup and view all the answers

What is the base for RNA?

AUGC Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of using DNA to produce complementary RNA molecules?

transcription Signup and view all the answers

What sequence in mRNA complements the sequence in the DNA template?

bases Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotes, where is RNA formed and where does it travel?

nucleus, and cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What binds DNA during transcription?

RNA polymers Signup and view all the answers

What is a polypeptide?

chain of linked amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic code?

a four-letter code made up of the DNA nitrogen bases A, T, G and C Signup and view all the answers

What is a codon?

in RNA, a three-base 'word' that codes for one amino acid Signup and view all the answers

What acts like a 'start' and 'stop' signal for protein synthesis?

a codon Signup and view all the answers

What is translation?

the process of decoding of an mRNA message into a protein Signup and view all the answers

What is an anticodon?

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon Signup and view all the answers

What is gene expression?

the way in which DNA, RNA, and proteins are involved in putting genetic information into action in living cells Signup and view all the answers

What are genes?

the instructions for assembling proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

DNA to RNA to protein Signup and view all the answers

All organisms are mostly the same in?

the molecular biology of their genes Signup and view all the answers

What bonds hold the bases of DNA molecules together?

hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

Which two scientists are credited with discovering the structure of DNA?

Watson & Crick Signup and view all the answers

What is the 1st step of DNA replication?

DNA 'unzips' Signup and view all the answers

What is the 2nd step of DNA replication?

complementary bases attach to template Signup and view all the answers

What is the 3rd step of DNA replication?

two molecules of DNA identical to each other and the original molecule are made Signup and view all the answers

If a DNA molecule is composed of 40% thymine, what percentage of guanine is expected?

10% Signup and view all the answers

What does DNA replication result in?

2 DNA molecules that each contain a strand of the original Signup and view all the answers

What adds complementary bases during replication?

DNA polymerase Signup and view all the answers

What is the spiral structure of DNA described as?

double helix Signup and view all the answers

DNA is found in what part of the cell?

nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What pairs with thymine?

adenine Signup and view all the answers

What pairs with guanine?

cytosine Signup and view all the answers

During what phase of a cell's cycle does replication take place?

'S' phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of DNA?

to make genetic information Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of RNA?

to make proteins Signup and view all the answers

What does RNA stand for?

ribonucleic acid Signup and view all the answers

The actions of your traits or what your traits are made up of is?

proteins Signup and view all the answers

DNA to RNA is called?

transcription Signup and view all the answers

RNA into protein is called?

translation Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 types of RNA?

messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA Signup and view all the answers

What carries instructions to make a protein?

mRNA (messenger RNA) Signup and view all the answers

Where are ribosome proteins made?

rRNA (ribosomal RNA) Signup and view all the answers

What carries the amino acid to the ribosomes and matches them to the mRNA code?

tRNA (transfer RNA) Signup and view all the answers

What does one of the DNA strands serve as when making RNA?

a template Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

DNA and RNA Structure

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar; RNA contains ribose sugar.
DNA is a double-stranded molecule; RNA is single-stranded.
DNA bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C).
RNA bases: Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C).

Transcription and Translation

Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.
mRNA sequence complements the DNA template through base pairing.
Translation decodes mRNA into a protein using codons (three-base sequences).
Codons act like "start" and "stop" signals in protein synthesis.
Anticodons on tRNA molecules pair with mRNA codons.

Gene Expression and Genetic Code

Gene expression involves DNA, RNA, and proteins to manifest genetic information.
Genes provide instructions for protein assembly.
Genetic code consists of four DNA nitrogen bases structured in sequences across chromosomes.

Molecular Biology Principles

Central dogma: Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
All organisms share common molecular biology features in their genes.
Hydrogen bonds hold DNA bases together.

DNA Replication

First step: DNA "unzips" to begin replication.
Second step: Complementary bases attach to the template strands.
Final result: Two identical DNA molecules, each containing an original strand.
DNA polymerase adds complementary bases during replication.
Replication occurs in the "S" phase of the cell cycle.

Components of RNA

Three types of RNA:
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries protein synthesis instructions.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) makes up ribosome structures where proteins are synthesized.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids to the ribosomes.

Key DNA and RNA Pairing Rules

Thymine pairs with Adenine; Guanine pairs with Cytosine.
In DNA, if thymine constitutes 40%, guanine should be 10%, following Chargaff's rules.

Location of Genetic Material

DNA is typically located in the nucleus of a cell.
RNA is formed in the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.

Functions of DNA and RNA

DNA's primary role: Store and transmit genetic information.
RNA's main function: Synthesize proteins based on genetic instructions.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the key concepts in Biology Chapter 12 with these flashcards. This quiz covers essential information about DNA and RNA structures, including their sugars, strands, and bases. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding.