Biology Chapter 11 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

In what way is artificial selection different from natural selection?

In artificial selection, human preference is the selecting force; in natural selection, environmental conditions are the selecting force.

When a population of organisms is evolving, what can you be sure is happening?

It's changing.

What is MRSA?

A form of skin bacteria that's resistant to methicillin.

Which of the following is not part of the theory of natural selection?

All species are descended from a common ancestor. Signup and view all the answers

What causes the disease tuberculosis?

A particular type of bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if a mutation created a new allele that decreased fitness?

The new allele would decrease the fitness of the individual that possessed it, and that individual would have few or no offspring. Signup and view all the answers

What is an allele?

A particular version of a gene. Signup and view all the answers

How is tuberculosis transmitted?

By sneezes. Signup and view all the answers

What is combination drug therapy?

A mixture of several different kinds of drugs given simultaneously. Signup and view all the answers

What is evolution?

A process that occurs as a result of differences in reproductive fitness. Signup and view all the answers

What type of selection would include the evolution of a long neck in giraffes?

Directional selection. Signup and view all the answers

Which plant is the most fit?

Environmental information is required to determine fitness. Signup and view all the answers

What is tuberculosis?

A disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of tuberculosis?

Bloody cough, fever, chills, night sweats, fatigue, nail clubbing, loss of appetite Signup and view all the answers

What is TB treatment?

Used to isolate those who were sick, now have antibiotics. Signup and view all the answers

What is TB prevention?

Vaccinations, correct treatment of patients, education. Signup and view all the answers

What is the theory of natural selection?

The physical or behavioral traits of organisms that lead to increased survival or reproduction become more common in a population. Signup and view all the answers

What is observation 1?

Individuals within populations vary. Signup and view all the answers

What is observation 2?

Some of the variation among individuals can be passed on to their offspring. Signup and view all the answers

What is observation 3?

Populations of organisms produce more offspring than will survive. Signup and view all the answers

What is observation 4?

Survival and reproduction are not random. Signup and view all the answers

What is fitness?

Relative survival and reproduction of one variant. Signup and view all the answers

What is adaptation?

Traits that increase individual fitness in an environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is Darwin's influence?

Natural selection causes evolution. Signup and view all the answers

What is artificial selection?

Selection caused by human choice. Signup and view all the answers

What are methods to test natural selection?

Methods to test natural selection as a mechanism for evolutionary change: artificial selection, natural selection in the lab, natural selection in wild populations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the modern synthesis?

The union between genetics and evolution; predicated on genetic principles. Signup and view all the answers

What are patterns of selection?

Different environmental conditions can lead to different changes in populations. Signup and view all the answers

What is directional selection?

Change in population traits. Signup and view all the answers

What is stabilizing selection?

Selection for average traits. Signup and view all the answers

What is diversifying selection?

Selection for extremes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Artificial vs. Natural Selection

Artificial selection is driven by human preference, whereas natural selection is influenced by environmental conditions.

Evolution of Populations

Evolving populations indicate changes in their genetic makeup over time.

Antibiotic Resistance

MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is a strain of skin bacteria resistant to methicillin, highlighting issues in treating bacterial infections.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and transmitted through sneezing.
Symptoms include bloody cough, fever, chills, night sweats, fatigue, nail clubbing, and loss of appetite.
Treatment involves isolation and antibiotic therapy.
Prevention consists of vaccinations, proper patient treatment, and education on the disease.

Natural Selection Principles

Not all species originated from a common ancestor; this statement itself is not part of natural selection theory.
Increased reproductive success leads to the propagation of traits that enhance survival.

Mutations and Fitness

A mutation resulting in an allele that reduces fitness will likely lead to fewer offspring for the affected individual.

Definitions

Allele: A specific version of a gene.
Fitness: Refers to the relative survival and reproduction of different variants within a population.

Observations in Natural Selection

Individual variation exists within populations.
Some variations can be inherited.
Populations produce more offspring than can survive (overproduction).
Survival and reproduction are influenced by advantageous traits.

Types of Selection

Directional selection favors one extreme trait, such as the evolution of longer necks in giraffes.
Stabilizing selection works favorably towards average traits.
Diversifying selection focuses on extremes in traits.

Modern Synthesis

Represents an integration of genetics and evolution, based on genetic principles that inform evolutionary processes.

Evolution and Adaptation

Adaptations are traits that improve individual fitness in particular environments, shaping the dynamics of populations through various patterns of selection.

Testing Natural Selection

Methods for testing include artificial selection and observing natural selection in laboratory and wild populations.

Darwin's Contribution

Charles Darwin's work established that natural selection is a primary mechanism driving evolution.

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Description

Test your knowledge of key concepts from Biology Chapter 11 with these flashcards. Learn about the differences between artificial and natural selection, the implications of evolving populations, and understand MRSA. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of evolutionary biology.