Biology Chapter 11: Evolution
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Darwin's four postulates of natural selection?

  • Overproduction
  • Differential success
  • Struggle for existence (correct)
  • Variation

    • Lamarck proposed that characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime can be inherited.

    True

    What did Darwin observe during his voyage on the Beagle that influenced his ideas on natural selection?

    The diversity of species and their adaptations, especially in the Galapagos Islands.

    Natural selection favors traits that are beneficial for _______.

    <p>survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their definitions:

    <p>Microevolution = Small changes in a population over generations Macroevolution = Large changes that result in new species Natural selection = Process by which nature favors advantageous traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

    <p>Microevolution involves small changes, while macroevolution results in new species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Artificial selection is the process by which humans select traits they desire in domesticated animals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three requirements for evolution?

    <p>Variability, heritability, and differential reproductive success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of evolution occurs when organisms that aren't closely related evolve similar features?

    <p>Convergent evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Analogous structures arise from a shared common ancestry.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is natural selection and how does it relate to adaptations?

    <p>Natural selection is the process by which individuals with favorable traits are more likely to reproduce, leading to the spread of those traits in a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ is the transfer of traits in or out of a population due to migration.

    <p>Gene Flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the evolutionary mechanisms with their effects:

    <p>Mutation = Introduces new genetic variations Genetic Drift = Random changes in allele frequencies Gene Flow = Transfer of traits between populations Nonrandom Mating = Individuals choose mates with specific traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines an adaptation?

    <p>A favored trait that spreads through a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sexual selection can lead to sexual dimorphism within species.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a gene from an allele?

    <p>A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a trait, while an allele is a specific version or variant of that gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are vestigial structures?

    <p>Structures with no apparent function remaining from ancestors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reproductive isolation allows species to accumulate genetic differences without mixing genes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define adaptive radiation.

    <p>The evolution of diverse species from a common ancestor to adapt to different environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Species are defined as a group of organisms that can __________ and produce fertile offspring.

    <p>interbreed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Allopatric Speciation = Speciation due to geographic barriers Sympatric Speciation = Speciation occurring without geographic barriers Reproductive Isolation = Mechanisms preventing different species from interbreeding Adaptive Radiation = Diversity of species from a common ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples illustrates allopatric speciation?

    <p>The Grand Canyon squirrels in Arizona</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The more similar the DNA sequences are between two species, the more distantly related they are.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA sequence similarities in understanding evolutionary relationships?

    <p>Similar DNA sequences indicate shared ancestry and the extent of evolutionary relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clade?

    <p>A grouping of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all its descendants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sister taxa are the most distantly related species in a phylogenetic tree.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does MRCA stand for?

    <p>Most Recent Common Ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The oldest common ancestor of all taxa in a phylogenetic tree is called the __________.

    <p>root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes homologous traits?

    <p>Traits derived from a common ancestor with different functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Analogous traits result from divergent evolution.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding homology important in constructing phylogenetic trees?

    <p>It helps determine evolutionary relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of group includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants?

    <p>Monophyletic group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A polyphyletic group includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is morphology?

    <p>The part of biology that deals with the form of organic beings and the modifications they undergo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _____ group includes a common ancestor but does not include all of its descendants.

    <p>paraphyletic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method for reconstructing phylogenies?

    <p>Geography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molecular data is considered the least useful data for constructing phylogenetic trees.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of maximum parsimony aim to achieve in phylogenetic tree construction?

    <p>It aims to represent the evolutionary history most accurately with the least number of changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following classification levels with their descriptions:

    <p>Domain = The highest taxonomic level, grouping all life forms Kingdom = Major categories within domains, such as animals and plants Phylum = Groups of related classes of organisms Species = The most specific classification level, identifying a single type of organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of binomial nomenclature?

    <p>To provide a universal standard for naming species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long ago did the first living cells arise?

    <p>3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which a cell engulfs large particles or microorganisms is called __________.

    <p>phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes organisms that live in extreme conditions?

    <p>Extremophiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bioremediation is the use of chemicals to treat contaminated environments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two methods of asexual reproduction in bacteria?

    <p>Binary division and conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 11: Evolution

    • Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection: proposes that the mechanism of evolution occurs through natural selection, causing populations to adapt or become better suited to their environment over time.
    • Darwin's travels influenced his ideas: observations of species diversity and adaptations in locations like the Galapagos Islands.
    • Darwin's four postulates of natural selection:
      • Variation: Individuals within a population vary.
      • Heredity: Variations are heritable.
      • Overproduction: More individuals are born than can survive.
      • Differential success: Individuals with advantageous characteristics are more likely to reproduce.
    • Natural selection: Nature favors traits beneficial for survival.
    • Artificial selection: Humans select for desired traits in domesticated animals.
    • Lamarck's mechanism of evolution differs from Darwin's: Lamarck believed organisms acquire traits through use or disuse during their lifetime and pass them on (e.g., giraffes stretching their necks). Darwin proposed that natural selection favors heritable variations that enhance survival and reproduction.
    • Evolution: Change in heritable characteristics of a population over time.
    • Microevolution: Small changes in a population over generations (e.g., allele frequencies).
    • Macroevolution: Large changes that result in new species.

    Chapter 12: Phylogenies and Phylogenetic Trees

    • Requirements for evolution: variability, heritability, differential reproductive success.
    • Population: A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same geographic area and can breed with each other.
    • Darwin's finches: Grants' study of finch beaks demonstrated natural selection on short time scales.
    • Convergent evolution: Organisms not closely related evolve similar features.
    • Homologous structures: Body parts that share a common ancestry.
    • Analogous structures: Similar functions but do not share a common ancestry.
    • DNA sequences: indicate the evolutionary relationship between organisms. The more similar the DNA sequences, the closer the relationship.
    • Species: Group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
    • Reproductive isolation: Mechanisms that prevent different species from successfully mating and producing viable offspring.
    • Allopatric speciation: Geographic barrier results in the formation of new species.
    • Sympatric speciation: Formation of new species without geographic isolation.
    • Adaptive radiation: A single ancestral specie diversifies rapidly into new species.

    Chapter 13: Prokaryotes

    • Two major groups of prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea.
    • Bacteria: Have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
    • Archaea: Lack peptidoglycan and live in extreme environments.
    • Age of Earth: Approximately 4.54 billion years.
    • First living cells: Prokaryotes, ~3.5-3.8 billion years ago.
    • Cyanobacteria: Photosynthetic organisms that released oxygen, causing the Great Oxidation Event.
    • Extremophiles: Organisms that thrive in extreme conditions.
    • Methods of asexual reproduction in bacteria: binary fission, conjugation, transformation, transduction.
    • Pathogenic: Disease-causing organism.
    • Pandemic: Global epidemic.
    • Epidemic: Disease affecting many individuals in a region.
    • Bioremediation: Using microorganisms to clean contaminated environments.
    • Commensals: One species benefits but the other is unaffected.
    • Parasites: one species benefits, the other is harmed.
    • Phagocytosis: Process in which a cell engulfs other cells or particles.
    • Antibiotic resistance: Due to excessive and incorrect use of antibiotics, bacteria develop resistant mutations.
    • Endosymbiotic theory: Explains how mitochondria and chloroplasts arose from symbiotic bacteria.

    Chapter 14: Plants

    • Plant groups: non-vascular, seedless, gymnosperms, angiosperms.
    • Importance of flowers and fruits: Flowers facilitate pollination, Fruits aid in seed dispersal.
    • Flower parts: petals, sepal, stamen, carpel
    • Monocots and dicots: Distinguished by the number of embryonic leaves.
    • Adaptations for different environments: water storage (desert); large leaves (tropical rainforest).
    • Alternation of generations (in plants): Plants alternate between a haploid gametophyte phase and a diploid sporophyte phase.
    • Vascular tissue: Xylem and phloem transport water and nutrients, respectively.
    • Cuticle: Waxy covering that prevents water loss from leaves.
    • Stomata: Small pores that control gas exchange in leaves.

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    Description

    Explore the key concepts of evolution in this quiz covering Darwin's theory of natural selection, his influential travels, and the four postulates of natural selection. Learn about the differences between Darwin's and Lamarck's mechanisms of evolution, as well as the impact of artificial selection. Test your understanding of how species adapt to their environments over time.

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