Biology Chapter 11 Assessment

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Questions and Answers

What are different forms of a gene called?

alleles

What occurs when a homozygous tall pea plant and a homozygous short pea plant are crossed?

the recessive trait seems to disappear

What does a Punnett square determine?

probable outcome of a cross

What are organisms with two identical alleles for a specific trait called?

homozygous Signup and view all the answers

What are the physical characteristics of an organism referred to as?

phenotype Signup and view all the answers

What situation describes a gene having more than two alleles?

multiple alleles Signup and view all the answers

What is produced by meiosis in male mammals?

four haploid gamete cells Signup and view all the answers

What must gametes do to maintain the chromosome number of an organism?

be produced by meiosis Signup and view all the answers

What does a gene map show?

the relative locations of genes on a chromosome Signup and view all the answers

Match the four basic principles of genetics discovered by Mendel to their descriptions:

Principal of Unit Characters = Individuals pass on individual traits Principal of Dominance = Some unit characters can mask the expression of others Principal of Segregation = Each unit character separates into different sex cells Principal of Independent Assortment = Genes segregate according to chance Signup and view all the answers

How do multiple alleles and polygenic traits differ?

Alleles are different versions of the same gene, while polygenic traits are regulated by multiple genes. Signup and view all the answers

Are an organism's characteristics determined only by genes?

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the genotypes for a rabbit that is homozygous for black coat and one that is heterozygous?

Homozygous: BB, Heterozygous: Bb Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the chromosome number during meiosis?

It halves. Signup and view all the answers

What pattern of inheritance does flower color in pink-flowering plants that produce 25% red, 25% white, and 50% pink follow?

incomplete dominance Signup and view all the answers

What describes the offspring of a cross between parents with different traits?

Hybrid Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Genetics Terminology

Alleles: Different forms of a gene responsible for variations in traits.
Phenotype: The observable physical characteristics of an organism resulting from genetic and environmental influences.
Homozygous: Organisms with two identical alleles for a specific trait (e.g., BB or bb).
Hybrid: Offspring resulting from a cross between parents with different traits, indicating heterozygosity (e.g., Bb).
Multiple Alleles: A genetic scenario where a gene exists in more than two forms, providing a richer variation of traits.

Genetic Principles

Principle of Unit Characters: Traits are passed from parents to offspring as individual units.
Principle of Dominance: Some alleles can dominate others, masking their effects; dominant traits exhibit in phenotype when present.
Principle of Segregation: Alleles distribute into different gametes during reproduction, ensuring genetic variability.
Principle of Independent Assortment: Genes segregate independently of one another during gamete formation.

Inheritance Patterns

Incomplete Dominance: Occurs when the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of homozygotes (example: pink flowers from red and white parents).
Polygenic Traits: Traits controlled by multiple genes, each potentially carrying multiple alleles, leading to a spectrum of phenotypes.

Meiosis and Gamete Formation

Meiosis: Process resulting in four haploid gamete cells, each containing half the chromosome number of the original cell.
Chromosome Number: Halves during meiosis to ensure offspring maintain the species' chromosome count.

Genetic Mapping

Gene Map: Represents the relative locations of genes on a chromosome, aiding in tracking inheritance and predicting traits.

Environmental Influences

Non-genetic Factors: An organism's traits are influenced not only by genetics but also by environmental factors like nutrition and exposure, highlighting the importance of both genotype and phenotype interactions.

Examples of Genotypes

Homozygous for Black Coat in Rabbits: BB
Heterozygous for Black Coat in Rabbits: Bb

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts from Chapter 11 of Biology. This quiz covers essential terms like alleles, homozygous traits, and Punnett squares. Perfect for students preparing for exams or wanting to reinforce their understanding of genetics.