Questions and Answers
What are chromosomes?
Threadlike structure within the nucleus that contains genetic information that is passed on from one generation to the next.
How does the structure of chromosomes differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryotic cells have a double membrane surrounding the nucleus with several chromosomes, while prokaryote chromosomes are dispersed within the cell and are not enclosed by a separate membrane.
What is the cell cycle?
Series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells.
During which phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes replicated?
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What happens during each of the four phases of mitosis?
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What do you predict would happen if the spindle fibers were disrupted during metaphase?
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What is cytokinesis and when does it occur?
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How does cytokinesis differ in animal and plant cells?
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Study Notes
Chromosomes
- Chromosomes are threadlike structures located within the nucleus.
- They contain genetic information that is inherited from one generation to the next.
Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Chromosomes
- Eukaryotic cells have a double membrane surrounding the nucleus, which contains multiple chromosomes.
- Prokaryotic chromosomes are not housed within a membrane and are dispersed throughout the cell.
Cell Cycle
- The cell cycle is a series of processes where a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides into two daughter cells.
S Phase
- Chromosomes are replicated during the S phase of the cell cycle.
Phases of Mitosis
- Prophase: Chromatin condenses to form visible duplicated chromosomes; spindle formation begins.
- Metaphase: Duplicated chromosomes align at the cell's center; spindle fibers attach to centromeres.
- Anaphase: Chromosomes separate and travel to opposite poles along the spindle fibers.
- Telophase: Chromosomes begin to de-condense back into chromatin, and the nuclear envelope reforms.
Impact of Disrupted Spindle Fibers
- If spindle fibers are disrupted during metaphase, centromeres cannot connect properly.
Cytokinesis
- Cytokinesis is the process of dividing the cytoplasm to form two distinct daughter cells and usually takes place concurrently with telophase.
Cytokinesis in Animal vs. Plant Cells
- In animal cells, the cell membrane is pinched inward, dividing the cytoplasm into two nearly equal parts.
- In plant cells, the rigid cell wall prevents inward pinching; thus, cytokinesis occurs by forming a cell plate that evolves into the cell wall.
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Description
Test your knowledge of chromosomes with these flashcards based on Chapter 10.2. Learn how chromosomes carry genetic information and how their structures differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Perfect for students reviewing for exams!
