Biology Chapter 10 Review
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Questions and Answers

The three domain classification system is based on differences in the structure of:

  • Nuclei
  • Ribosomes (correct)
  • Cell walls
  • Cell membranes

    • The oldest known fossils are the remains of prokaryotes that lived approximately?

    3.5 billion years

    The definition of a species as 'a group of closely related organisms that can interbreed' applies to:

  • Prokaryotic Species
  • Eukaryotic Species (correct)
  • Viruses
  • All of the above

    • Why are viruses not included in the three domain classification system?

    <p>They are not composed of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these techniques is NOT used for the classification of bacteria?

    <p>Biochemical testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Different strains of bacteria can be identified by?

    <p>Serology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are found in all three domains?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A non-photosynthetic multicellular organism with cell walls and hyphae belongs to the kingdom?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Serological testing is used to identify:

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first step in the identification of a bacterium is?

    <p>Differential Staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The evolutionary history of a group of organisms can be represented by?

    <p>Cladograms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the taxonomic hierarchy, a group of similar families is a/an?

    <p>Order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One method used to detect microorganisms that cannot be cultured in the laboratory is?

    <p>PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A scientific name such as Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae indicates?

    <p>The genus name has been changed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The method currently used to determine phylogenetic relationships between groups of bacteria is?

    <p>Ribosomal RNA sequencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a serological test?

    <p>Southern blotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Members of the Domain Archaea:

    <p>Often live in extreme environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are true about archaea except?

    <p>They evolved before bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characterizes the Domain Bacteria?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells; ester linkages in phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not used in a routine bacteriology laboratory identification?

    <p>Nucleic acid-base composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the members of Kingdom Fungi?

    <p>Absorption of dissolved organic matter through cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are true about the members of the Kingdom Plantae except?

    <p>They use organic carbon sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are true about the members of the Kingdom Animalia except?

    <p>They can photosynthesize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phylogenetic classification of the Domain Bacteria based on?

    <p>rRNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A bacterial species differs from a species of eukaryotic organisms in that a bacterial species?

    <p>Is a population of cells with similar characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the best evidence for a three-domain system?

    <p>There are three distinctly different cellular chemical compositions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Into which group would you place a multicellular heterotroph with chitin cell walls?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not based on nucleic-acid hybridization?

    <p>Western blotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phylogenetic classification of bacteria is based on?

    <p>rRNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following could have been the reasons for classifying the viruses into one of the three domains except?

    <p>Viruses are not composed of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology differs from Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology in that the former?

    <p>Groups bacteria according to phylogenetic relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is in the correct order from the most general to the most specific?

    <p>Kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protist is a diverse group of organisms that are similar in?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Yeasts belong to the Kingdom?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the scientific name Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter is the?

    <p>Genus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The arrangement of organisms into taxa?

    <p>Shows degrees of relatedness between organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria and Archaea are similar in which of the following?

    <p>Possessing prokaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You could identify an unknown bacterium by all of the following except?

    <p>Observe morphological characteristics under a microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Serological testing is based on the fact that?

    <p>Antibodies react specifically with an antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates that two organisms are closely related?

    <p>Their DNA can hybridize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organism A has 70 moles % G+C and organism B has 40 moles % G+C. Which of the following can be concluded from these data?

    <p>The two organisms are unrelated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nucleic acid hybridization is based on the fact that?

    <p>Pairing between complementary bases occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the most popular taxonomic tools is DNA fingerprinting to develop profiles of organisms. These profiles provide direct information about?

    <p>Nucleotide sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) has become a valuable tool for environmental microbiologists for all of the following reasons except?

    <p>To obtain pure cultures of microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A clone is?

    <p>Genetically identical cells derived from a single cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Into which group would you place a photosynthetic cell that lacks a nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You discovered a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and peptidoglycan in its wall. You suspect the organism is in the group of?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following criteria is most useful in determining whether two organisms are related?

    <p>Both are gram-positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Into which group would you place a unicellular organism that has 70S ribosomes and a peptidoglycan cell wall?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Into which group would you place a multicellular organism that has a mouth and lives inside the human liver?

    <p>Animalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Grouping organisms into categories to highlight similarities is called?

    <p>Taxonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Historically, eukaryotic organisms that didn't fit into other kingdoms were placed by the scientists into which kingdom?

    <p>Protista</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amino acid sequencing provides direct information about?

    <p>Nucleotide bases making up a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process can be used to increase the amount of microbial DNA to levels that can be tested by gel electrophoresis?

    <p>Polymerase chain reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mycoplasmas do not have a cell wall, are very small in size, and can pass through standard bacterial filters. They are considered to be related to gram-positive bacteria. Which of the following findings or tests would provide the most compelling evidence for this?

    <p>They share common rRNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is (are) found in all three domains?

    <p>2, 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is (are) found only in prokaryotes?

    <p>3, 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Three Domain Classification System

    • Classification is based on ribosomal structural differences.
    • Viruses are excluded as they are acellular and lack a cellular structure.

    Fossil Records

    • Oldest fossils, approximately 3.5 billion years old, are prokaryotic in nature.

    Species Definition

    • Eukaryotic species are defined as closely related organisms capable of interbreeding.

    Bacterial Classification Techniques

    • DNA fingerprinting, rRNA sequencing, and nucleic acid hybridization are techniques for bacterial classification.
    • Biochemical testing is NOT used for classification.

    Identifying Bacteria

    • Serology is the method used to identify different bacterial strains.
    • The identification process begins with differential staining.

    Genetic Analysis in Classification

    • Cladograms represent evolutionary relations among organisms.
    • Ribosomal RNA sequencing is crucial for understanding phylogenetic relationships.

    Taxonomic Hierarchy

    • An order is a group of similar families.
    • A bacterial species is defined by shared characteristics rather than interbreeding.

    Characteristics of Domains

    • Domain Archaea is characterized by organisms often found in extreme environments.
    • Bacteria are prokaryotic with ester-linked phospholipids.

    Kingdom Characteristics

    • Fungi absorb organic matter through their cell walls and are non-photosynthetic.
    • Kingdom Plantae members can photosynthesize, while Kingdom Animalia members ingest organic matter.

    Nucleic Acid Hybridization

    • The process relies on base pairing between complementary DNA strands.

    Molecular Techniques

    • PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is essential for amplifying microbial DNA for testing.
    • Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is used to study uncultured microbes in their natural environment.

    Genetic Relatedness

    • Close relatedness in organisms is indicated by similar DNA hybridization patterns.
    • Differences in G+C content can suggest unrelatedness between organisms.

    Classification and Nomenclature

    • Taxonomy categorizes organisms highlighting similarities and differences for systematic understanding.
    • Historically, organisms that did not fit established kingdoms were classified in the kingdom Protista.

    Cloning and Molecular Profiling

    • Clones consist of genetically identical cells from a single original cell.
    • DNA sequencing provides insights into nucleotide bases for identification and classification.

    Mycoplasmas

    • Mycoplasmas lack cell walls and are closely related to Gram-positive bacteria based on rRNA sequences.

    Cellular Structures

    • Structures like 70S ribosomes and plasma membranes are found in all three domains.
    • Structures like peptidoglycan are exclusive to prokaryotes and not found in eukaryotic cells.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge with this review quiz focused on Chapter 10 of Biology. Explore concepts like the three domain classification system, ancient prokaryotes, and the definition of species. Perfect for students preparing for exams or wanting to reinforce their understanding.

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