Biology Chapter 10: Meiosis and Mitosis Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What process is involved in the production of gametes?

  • Mitosis
  • Meiosis (correct)
  • Binary Fission
  • Fragmentation

What type of cell division is involved in growth and repair?

  • Meiosis
  • Budding
  • Fragmentation
  • Mitosis (correct)

Meiosis promotes genetic variation in organisms.

True (A)

Mitosis consists of two nuclear divisions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitosis produces daughter cells that are genetically identical.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis involves two sets of nuclear divisions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis produces daughter cells that are not identical.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the synapsis of homologous chromosomes?

<p>Meiosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitosis occurs during asexual reproduction.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis results in four haploid gametes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for meiosis?

<p>Reduction division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during A1 of meiosis?

<p>Homologous chromosomes separate and move to poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During M2, where do chromosomes align?

<p>At the equator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during A2?

<p>Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during T2?

<p>Both daughter cells divide forming cells with half the original chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed during T1?

<p>Daughter cells that are haploid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interphase indicates the cell is not undergoing meiosis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During Prophase one, what occurs?

<p>Homologous chromosomes pair up with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What marks prophase I or II?

<p>Centromeres attach to spindle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during M1?

<p>Tetrads line up at the equator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens at T1?

<p>Daughter cells form, but chromosomes are still in doubled form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During ____________, centrioles replicate.

<p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

In prophase one or two, the stage is referred to as ____________.

<p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during T1 or T2?

<p>Nuclei and the nuclear membrane reappear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In M1, what stage comes before anaphase two?

<p>Metaphase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage occurs after prophase one?

<p>Metaphase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Meiosis

The process of cell division that produces four haploid gametes (sex cells) from a single diploid cell.

Gametes

Sex cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as a normal body cell.

Diploid

Having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Haploid

Having one set of chromosomes.

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Mitosis

The process of cell division where one parent cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells.

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Crossing Over

The process of swapping genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

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Independent Assortment

The random distribution of homologous chromosomes to daughter cells during meiosis.

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Synapsis

Pairing of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis.

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Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content.

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Prophase I

The first stage of meiosis, where homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs.

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Metaphase I

The alignment of tetrads (paired homologous chromosomes) at the cell equator in meiosis.

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Anaphase I

Separation of homologous chromosomes towards opposite poles of the cell during meiosis.

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Telophase I

The final stage of meiosis I, where two daughter cells are formed, each haploid with duplicated chromosomes.

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Prophase II

The first stage of meiosis II, where chromosomes (not tetrads) align at the equator in the two haploid cells.

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Metaphase II

Alignment of sister chromatids at the equator in the two haploid cells during meiosis II.

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Anaphase II

The separation of sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell during meiosis II.

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Telophase II

The final stage of meiosis II, where four haploid gametes are formed, each containing half the original chromosome number.

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Reduction Division

Another name for meiosis, reflecting its halving of chromosome numbers.

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Interphase

The period before meiosis where the cell prepares for division, replicating its DNA.

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Prophase I

The longest phase of meiosis, where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material.

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Crossing Over

The unique feature of Prophase I where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material to generate new chromosome combinations.

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Independent Assortment

The random way that homologous chromosomes are distributed to daughter cells during meiosis.

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Gametes

The result of meiosis, four genetically unique haploid cells.

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Zygote

The cell formed by the fusion of two gametes during fertilization.

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Recombination

The process that creates new combinations of alleles on chromosomes during Prophase I.

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Monogenic Trait

A trait that is caused by a mutation in a single gene.

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Study Notes

Meiosis Overview

  • Meiosis is the process that produces gametes, essential for sexual reproduction.
  • Involves two rounds of nuclear division, resulting in four haploid gametes.
  • Promotes genetic variation through processes such as crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes.

Comparison with Mitosis

  • Mitosis involves one nuclear division, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells.
  • Mitosis is primarily for growth and repair, occurring during asexual reproduction.
  • In meiosis, daughter cells are not genetically identical due to recombination and separation of homologous chromosomes.

Key Stages of Meiosis

  • Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis) and crossing over occurs, enhancing genetic diversity.

  • Metaphase I: Tetrads align at the equator of the cell.

  • Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.

  • Telophase I: Cells divide, resulting in two haploid cells, each with duplicated chromosomes.

  • Prophase II: Chromosomes (not tetrads) align at the equator again in the two haploid cells.

  • Metaphase II: Sister chromatids line up at the equatorial plane.

  • Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

  • Telophase II: Four haploid gametes are formed, each containing half the original chromosome number.

Specific Definitions

  • Reduction division: Another term for meiosis due to the halving of chromosome numbers.
  • Synapsis: The pairing of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I, facilitating genetic recombination.
  • Homologous chromosomes: Chromosomes that are similar in shape, size, and genetic content, participating in crossing over during meiosis.

Important Phases and Features

  • Interphase: Not part of meiosis; the cell prepares for division, and DNA replicates, centrioles replicate during this phase.
  • Crossing over: Critical process that occurs in Prophase I, where segments of DNA are exchanged between homologous chromosomes, increasing genetic variation.
  • Longest phase of meiosis occurs in Prophase I, allowing extensive genetic interaction among chromatids.

Other Notable Points

  • Meiosis is essential not only for producing gametes but also for ensuring genetic diversity in sexually reproducing populations.
  • Each stage of meiosis has distinct characteristics that contribute to the formation of diverse genetic combinations.

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Description

Dive into the key concepts of meiosis and mitosis with this study guide. This quiz features flashcards that detail definitions and essential functions of these two vital biological processes. Perfect for preparing for exams or reinforcing your understanding of cell division.

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