Biology Chapter 10 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What type of cell results when two cells with n number of chromosomes fuse?

Diploid cell

During which process are gametes formed?

During the process of meiosis

What process results in the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes?

Crossing over in meiosis, prophase I

Relate the terms meiosis, gametes, and fertilization in 1-2 sentences.

Meiosis is the process that produces gametes, and when gametes are distributed, fertilization occurs. Signup and view all the answers

Hypothesize why plant cells might not need centrioles for mitosis or meiosis?

Centrioles is an organelle used in cell division Signup and view all the answers

Explain the differences between dominant and recessive traits.

Dominant traits can mask recessive traits in an organism's phenotype, while recessive traits only manifest when two copies are present. Signup and view all the answers

What might occur in the F3 generation of the curly-eared cat if the F2 generation produced all non-curly-eared cats?

The F3 generation will have all non-curly ears Signup and view all the answers

If there are 5 boys and no girls in a family, does that increase the likelihood that the 6th offspring will be a girl? Explain.

It doesn't increase the likelihood but there's still a very good chance, it depends on the variation. Signup and view all the answers

What three processes increase genetic variation?

Independent assortment, crossing over, random mating/meiosis Signup and view all the answers

Hypothesize how a plant breeder might create a polyploid plant.

By cross-breeding for desirable traits like commercially grown wheat Signup and view all the answers

How is chromosome gene linkage an exception to the law of independent assortment?

Linked genes do not segregate independently due to their proximity on a chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

What is genetic recombination?

Production of independent assortment and crossing over Signup and view all the answers

What is the law of segregation?

Two alleles for a trait separate in meiosis, two alleles for a trait unite in fertilization Signup and view all the answers

Define homozygous and heterozygous.

Homozygous is an organism with two of the same alleles for a particular trait; heterozygous is an organism with two different alleles for a particular trait. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between dominance and the law of segregation?

Dominance states that the recessive trait doesn't disappear; it's just masked by the dominant trait. The law of segregation states that two alleles for a trait separate during meiosis and reunite during fertilization. Signup and view all the answers

Alleles separate during the production of what?

Gametes Signup and view all the answers

Contrast the cells produced by meiosis versus mitosis.

In meiosis, four haploid cells are produced, while in mitosis, two identical daughter cells are produced. Signup and view all the answers

What cells only go through meiosis?

Reproductive cells Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during prophase I of meiosis?

Pairing of homologous chromosomes, crossing over produces exchange of genetic information, spindles form, and nuclear envelope breaks down. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during metaphase I?

Chromosomes' centromeres attach to the spindle fibers, and homologous chromosomes line up at the equator. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during anaphase I?

Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cells. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during telophase I?

Spindles break down, chromosomes uncoil to form two nuclei, and the cell divides. Signup and view all the answers

Describe prophase II.

Chromosomes condense, spindle forms in each new cell, and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during metaphase II?

Centromeres of chromosomes line up randomly at the equator of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during anaphase II?

Centromeres split, sister chromatids separate, and move to opposite poles. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during telophase II?

Four nuclei form, chromosomes reach the poles, and the nuclear membrane and nuclei reform. Signup and view all the answers

What is cytokinesis?

At the end of meiosis II, cytokinesis occurs ending with four haploid cells. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Division and Genetics

Diploid cells result from the fusion of two cells containing n chromosomes.
Gametes are formed through meiosis, a specialized type of cell division.
Gene exchange occurs during crossing over in prophase I of meiosis.

Meiosis and Fertilization

Meiosis produces gametes, and when these gametes unite, fertilization takes place.

Plant Cells and Cell Division

Plant cells do not have centrioles, which might be unnecessary for their mitosis or meiosis due to differences in cell structure.

Genetic Dominance and Variation

Dominant alleles mask the presence of recessive alleles, while recessive traits remain hidden.
Homozygous organisms possess two identical alleles for a trait; heterozygous organisms have two different alleles.

Genetic Predictions

If the F2 generation of curly-eared cats produces only non-curly-eared cats, the F3 generation will also exclusively have non-curly ears.
Having five boys in a family does not influence the probability of the sixth child being a girl; chances depend on genetic variation.

Genetic Variation Mechanisms

Genetic variation is increased through independent assortment, crossing over, and random mating during meiosis.

Polyploid Plants

Plant breeders create polyploid plants by cross-breeding for desirable traits, such as those found in commercially grown wheat.

Gene Linkage

Chromosome gene linkage acts as an exception to the law of independent assortment, as linked genes do not segregate independently during gamete formation.

Laws of Genetics

The law of segregation states that alleles for a trait separate during meiosis and unite during fertilization.
Genetic recombination is produced through independent assortment and crossing over.

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Meiosis results in four haploid cells, whereas mitosis results in two identical daughter cells.
Only reproductive cells undergo meiosis.

Stages of Meiosis

Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair, crossing over occurs, spindles form, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
Metaphase I: Centromeres attach to spindle fibers and homologous chromosomes align at the cell's equator.
Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase I: Chromosomes uncoil to form two nuclei, and the cell divides.
Prophase II: Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, and attach to chromosomes in each new cell.
Metaphase II: Chromosomes' centromeres align at the equator of the cell.
Anaphase II: Centromeres split and sister chromatids separate to opposite poles.
Telophase II: Four nuclei form as chromosomes reach the poles, and the nuclear membrane reforms.
Cytokinesis occurs at the end of meiosis II, resulting in four haploid cells.

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Test your knowledge of key concepts from Biology Chapter 10 with these flashcards. Explore important terms such as diploid cells, meiosis, and genetic crossing over. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of biological processes related to cell division and gamete formation.