Biology Chapter 1: Understanding Life

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disulfide bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They change the equilibrium constant of a reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A positive TΔS indicates a reaction that requires energy input (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By coupling the endergonic reaction with an exergonic reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme, while non-competitive inhibitors bind to a different site. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy can be transferred from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ice melting at room temperature (A), A hot cup of coffee getting colder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleoid region (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gram-positive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synthesise RNA molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are independent of chromosomal DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Separation of incompatible chemical reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is removed by the alcohol rinse. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Archaea are more closely related to Eukaryotes than to Bacteria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of membrane-bound organelles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary structure of a protein dictates its shape and function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disulfide bonds and hydrogen bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribonuclease A. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The protein entered a denatured state. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nobel Prize in Physics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They drive the folding process of proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4 disulfide bonds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All alpha-helix structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple biological molecules can be created from inorganic materials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet stain used in gram staining. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It aids in photosynthesis by converting light energy into chemical energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They produce ATP through cellular respiration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genus first, then Species, with the Genus capitalized and both italicized. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria were separated from the phages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They possess both positive and negative charges. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary sequence of amino acids determines the 3D structure and function of a protein. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polar side chains interact with water while non-polar side chains avoid it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forming the hydrophobic core of the protein. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It connects amino acids and maintains a planar structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only native proteins have biological activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An experiment simulating early Earth conditions to form amino acids.

The study of the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

A hierarchical system for categorizing living organisms.

All life is classified into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus; Eukaryotes have a nucleus.

Differentiated by cell wall structure and staining properties.

Chloroplasts are for photosynthesis; mitochondria for respiration.

Simple organisms without a defined nucleus, including Archaea and Bacteria.

A shape of prokaryotes that is spherical in form.

A rod-shaped form of prokaryotes.

Small circular DNA molecules that replicate independently from the chromosome.

A process where genetic information is transferred between bacteria.

Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan cell wall that retains crystal violet dye.

Organisms with a defined nucleus and larger, more complex cells than prokaryotes.

The membrane-bound structure containing eukaryotic chromosomes and RNA synthesis.

Amino acids consist of a backbone and a side chain that defines their properties.

There are 20 amino acids, each with a unique 3-letter code and chemical class.

Amino acids are classified into four chemical classes based on their side chain properties.

At pH 7, amino acids can exist in a zwitter-ionic form with both positive and negative charges.

A peptide bond is the link between amino acids in a protein polymer.

Proteins have four structural levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

Folded (native) proteins have a specific shape, while unfolded (non-native) proteins do not.

Proteins fold based on interactions between polar and non-polar side chains.

Strong bonds that stabilize protein structure by connecting cysteine residues.

Weaker interactions that help maintain protein shape (e.g., hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions).

Sections of a protein that can fold independently and function separately.

The unique sequence of amino acids in a protein chain.

Regular structures like alpha-helix or beta-strand formed by hydrogen bonding.

The 3D shape formed by interactions between R-groups in a polypeptide chain.

The process where a protein assumes its functional three-dimensional shape.

An experiment demonstrating that primary amino acid sequence determines protein structure.

A protein used in Anfinsen's experiment to show how primary structure determines function.

The process in which a protein loses its native structure due to external stress.

Interactions that drive non-polar side chains to avoid water, promoting protein folding.

A technique used to visualize the three-dimensional structure of proteins.

Regions of proteins that fold into alpha-helices or beta-strands.

Covalent bonds that stabilize protein structure, formed between cysteine residues.

Sidechains of proteins that attract water, found on the outside of soluble proteins like growth hormone.

Sidechains of proteins that repel water, found on the outside of non-soluble proteins like porin.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS; measures energy available to do work in a reaction.

Energy of an object due to its motion.

Stored energy based on position or state of matter.

Reactions that require energy input; ΔG is positive.