Biology Chapter 1 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What do phylogenetic trees based on molecular evidence illustrate?

  • The physical adaptations of species over time
  • The geographical distribution of species
  • Evolutionary relationships among organisms (correct)
  • The speed of evolutionary change in species

Which fundamental principle indicates that the structure of a biological feature reveals its function?

  • Life and Laws
  • Information Transactions
  • Structure Determines Function (correct)
  • Energy and Matter Transformation

In what way do atoms contribute to the formation of molecules?

  • They account for the weight of molecules only
  • They determine the color of molecules
  • They are the fundamental building blocks of matter (correct)
  • They are created from molecules

Which characteristic of living organisms describes the ability to respond to external stimuli?

<p>Sensitivity to environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an atomic number?

<p>The number of protons in an atom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the concept of evolution?

<p>All organisms share a common ancestor from 3.5 billion years ago. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the process by which organisms maintain stable internal conditions?

<p>Homeostasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is exemplified by humans metabolizing food for energy?

<p>Energy utilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ordered complexity in living organisms refers to what?

<p>The high degree of organization and interaction among biological molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic ensures the continuation of life across generations?

<p>Reproduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the evolutionary changes that populations undergo to adapt to their environment?

<p>Evolutionary adaptation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these characteristics indicates that living things are composed of one or more cells?

<p>Cellular organization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic involves the changes and processes organisms undergo over time?

<p>Evolutionary adaptation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily determines the identity of an element?

<p>Number of protons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ionic bonds is correct?

<p>They are formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of isotopes?

<p>Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a property that contributes to the unique characteristics of water?

<p>Water molecules have strong hydrogen bonds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Bohr model of the atom differ from the modern model?

<p>Electrons are depicted in fixed orbits in the Bohr model. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cation?

<p>An ion with more protons than electrons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties of water helps it to have a high heat of vaporization?

<p>Hydrogen bonding between water molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a property of water?

<p>Low solvent capacity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of science as defined in the content?

<p>To understand the natural world through observation and reasoning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves generating predictions to validate or reject a hypothesis?

<p>Hypothesis-driven science. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the hierarchical organization of life, what level includes tissues and organs?

<p>Organismal level. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reasoning starts from specific observations to form general conclusions?

<p>Inductive reasoning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes basic research in the scientific context?

<p>It increases understanding of fundamental principles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was demonstrated by Rutherford's gold foil experiment?

<p>Atoms have a small, dense nucleus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of experimentation, what role does a control experiment play?

<p>It serves as a comparison against the test experiment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cellular level in the hierarchical organization of life?

<p>Organ systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural level of proteins?

<p>The unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated lipids?

<p>Saturated lipids are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated lipids are liquid due to double bonds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stabilizes the secondary structure of proteins?

<p>Hydrogen bonds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural level of proteins involves the interactions between R groups of amino acids?

<p>Tertiary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to folding errors in proteins that may result in diseases?

<p>Errors in protein folding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are amino acids linked together in proteins?

<p>By peptide bonds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of triglycerides in the body?

<p>Provide energy storage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding ribose and deoxyribose is true?

<p>Deoxyribose contains one less hydroxyl group than ribose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes saturated fats?

<p>They have fatty acid chains saturated with hydrogen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for water's high surface tension?

<p>Hydrogen bonds lead to molecular cohesion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of water is a result of hydrogen bonding?

<p>Water has a high heat capacity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a buffer function in a solution with pH changes?

<p>It absorbs or releases H+ ions as needed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a protein's secondary structure is accurately described?

<p>It includes alpha-helices and beta-sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of unsaturated fats compared to saturated fats?

<p>Unsaturated fats contain one or more double bonds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are hydrogen bonds important for water's properties?

<p>They enable water molecules to exhibit high cohesion and surface tension. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do buffers react to changes in acidity or basicity?

<p>They absorb excess H+ ions or release them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Adaptation for survival

The process by which species adjust to changes in their habitat to continue surviving.

Cell Theory

The scientific theory that cells are the fundamental units of all living organisms.

Hypothesis

A proposed explanation that can be tested. It leads to testable predictions

Hypothesis-Driven Science

A scientific approach that involves testing hypotheses through experiments and observation.

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Inductive Reasoning

Making general conclusions based on specific observations.

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Deductive Reasoning

Using a general principle to predict specific outcomes.

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Basic Research

Scientific research aimed at expanding knowledge without a specific practical application in mind.

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Descriptive Science

Scientific research focused on observing and classifying natural phenomena.

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Characteristics of Living Organisms

The seven features that define life, including cellular organization, ordered complexity, sensitivity to environment, growth, development, and reproduction, energy utilization, homeostasis, and evolutionary adaptation.

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Cellular Organization

All living things are made up of cells, the basic units of life. Cells perform the necessary functions for life.

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Ordered Complexity

Living organisms have a high degree of organization and complexity, from single cells to ecosystems.

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Sensitivity to Environment

Living organisms respond to changes in their surroundings.

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Growth and Development

Living organisms increase in size and become more complex.

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Reproduction

Organisms produce more of their kind.

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Energy Utilization

Living organisms obtain and use energy for their life processes.

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Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes.

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Atom

The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element. All matter is composed of atoms.

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Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus. It defines the element.

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What are the three main subatomic particles?

Protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons are positively charged and located in the nucleus. Neutrons have no charge and are also in the nucleus. Electrons are negatively charged and orbit the nucleus.

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What does 'Structure Determines Function' mean?

The shape and arrangement of a biological structure directly influences its purpose and how it operates.

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Evolution

The gradual change in the genetic makeup of a population over time. It explains the diversity and unity of life on Earth.

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Saturated Fats

Fats with no double bonds in their fatty acid chains. This means they are 'saturated' with hydrogen atoms.

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Unsaturated Fats

Fats with at least one double bond in their fatty acid chains. This creates kinks in the chain, preventing them from packing tightly.

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Hydrogen Bonding in Water

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other, creating a strong attraction between them.

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Surface Tension of Water

The ability of water to resist external force due to the cohesive forces between its molecules.

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Water's High Heat Capacity

Water can absorb a lot of heat energy without experiencing a significant increase in temperature. This is due to hydrogen bonding.

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Buffer

A substance that resists changes in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen ions (H+) as needed.

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Protein Secondary Structure

The local folding of a protein chain into alpha-helices and beta-sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms.

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Protein Tertiary Structure

The overall 3D shape of a protein, determined by interactions between amino acid side chains.

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Atomic Mass

The total weight of an atom, determined by the number of protons and neutrons. Each proton and neutron contributes approximately 1 Dalton to the atomic mass.

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Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. They share the same chemical properties but have different atomic masses.

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Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. One atom donates electrons to another, creating a positively charged cation and a negatively charged anion.

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What is a Covalent Bond?

Atoms share electrons to fill their outer shells and achieve stability. The strength of the bond depends on the number of shared electrons. This sharing creates a stable balance.

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Deoxyribose vs. Ribose

Deoxyribose has one less hydroxyl group (-OH) than ribose.

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Bohr Model

A simplified model of the atom, proposing electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed, circular paths.

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Levels of Protein Structure

Proteins have four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

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Modern Model of the Atom

A more accurate and complex model where electrons exist in regions of probability called orbitals around the nucleus, not fixed orbits.

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Primary Structure

The unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

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Secondary Structure

The local folding of the polypeptide chain into alpha-helices or beta-sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

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Tertiary Structure

The overall 3D structure of the protein, determined by interactions between R groups (side chains) of amino acids.

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Quaternary Structure

How multiple polypeptide chains arrange themselves relative to each other. Some proteins have this level.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1: The Science of Biology

  • Biology unifies natural sciences, studying complex chemical systems on Earth.
  • Modern science combines chemistry, physics, and biology.

Characteristics of Living Organisms

  • Cellular organization: All living things consist of one or more cells, the basic units of life. Cells possess organized structures for carrying out life functions.
  • Ordered complexity: Living organisms display high complexity and organization, resulting from intricate interactions among biological molecules and systems.
  • Sensitivity to the environment: Organisms respond to stimuli from their environment, like plants growing toward light or animals reacting to temperature changes.
  • Growth, development, and reproduction: Organisms grow and develop over time and reproduce to pass on genetic material, ensuring life's continuity.
  • Energy utilization: Organisms acquire and use energy (from food, sunlight, etc.) to fuel vital life processes.
  • Homeostasis: Organisms maintain internal stability (e.g., constant body temperature) despite external environmental changes.

1.2 The Nature of Science

  • Science seeks to understand the natural world through observation and reasoning.
  • Descriptive science involves observing and classifying life forms.
  • Hypothesis-driven science utilizes a structured approach to understand phenomena. A hypothesis is a potential explanation and experimentation tests hypotheses. Experiments compare a test group to a control group by controlling variables.
  • Inductive reasoning begins with observations and moves toward general conclusions.
  • Deductive reasoning starts with a general theory/principle and applies it to specific cases.

1.3 Darwin and Evolution

  • Darwin's Contribution: Proposed natural selection as the mechanism for evolution. Species adapt to changes in their environments over time.
  • Evidence Supporting Darwin's Theory: Fossil record showing transitional forms and Earth's estimated age.
  • Comparative Anatomy: Homologous structures (same evolutionary origin, different functions) and analogous structures (different origins, similar functions) are used to study evolutionary relationships among organisms.

1.4 Core Concepts in Biology

  • Life and Laws: Biological systems operate in accordance with the laws of chemistry and physics.
  • Structure Determines Function: Biological structures directly dictate their functions.
  • Energy and Matter Transformation: Organisms continuously transform energy forms for essential processes, such as photosynthesis.
  • Information Transactions: Genetic material (e.g., DNA) controls cellular processes.
  • Evolution: Organisms evolve from common ancestors over time resulting in both unity and diversity in life forms.

Chapter 2: The Nature of Molecules and the Properties of Water

2.1 The Nature of Atoms

  • Atoms: Basic building blocks of matter. Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons are positively charged, in the nucleus. Neutrons are neutrally charged, in the nucleus. Electrons are negatively charged, orbiting the nucleus.

2.2 Elements Found in Living Systems

  • Atomic Number: The number of protons in an atom.
  • Atomic Mass: The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.

2.3 The Nature of Chemical Bonds

  • Ionic Bonds: Attraction between oppositely charged ions.
  • Covalent Bonds: Electrons are shared to satisfy the octet rule.

2.4 Water: A Vital Compound

  • Polar Molecule: Water is a polar molecule, with an uneven distribution of charge.
  • Hydrogen Bonding: Water molecules are attracted to each other through hydrogen bonds.
  • Cohesion: Attraction between water molecules.
  • Adhesion: Attraction between water molecules and other substances.
  • High Specific Heat: Water can absorb significant heat without a substantial temperature increase.
  • High Heat of Vaporization: Requires a large amount of energy to convert liquid water to vapor.
  • Solid Water (Ice) Floats: Ice is less dense than liquid water.
  • Solvent Properties: Water dissolves many substances.

Chapter 3: Biological Molecules

3.1 Carbon: The Framework of Biological Molecules

  • Biological molecules are largely composed of carbon bonded to other elements.
  • Carbon forms four covalent bonds.
  • Hydrocarbons are molecules made only of carbon and hydrogen (nonpolar).

3.2 Carbohydrates: Energy Storage and Structural Molecules

  • Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose).
  • Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides linked together (e.g., sucrose).
  • Polysaccharides: Long chains of monosaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose).

3.3 Nucleic Acids: Information Molecules

  • Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base).
  • DNA and RNA are crucial for genetic information storage and protein synthesis.

3.4 Proteins: Molecules with Diverse Structures and Functions

  • Proteins are polymers of amino acids, linked together by peptide bonds.
  • Protein structure consists of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels.

3.5 Lipids: Hydrophobic Molecules

  • Lipids include fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, steroids, and prostaglandins.
  • Fats store energy. Phospholipids form cell membranes. Steroids act as hormones.
  • Saturated vs. unsaturated fats

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Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of biology as outlined in Chapter 1. This quiz covers the characteristics of living organisms, including cellular organization, sensitivity to the environment, and energy utilization. Perfect for students looking to solidify their understanding of biological science.

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