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Questions and Answers
Which of the following accurately describes a negative feedback loop in regulating body temperature?
Which of the following accurately describes a negative feedback loop in regulating body temperature?
Which of the following represents the correct hierarchical organization of the human body from smallest to largest?
Which of the following represents the correct hierarchical organization of the human body from smallest to largest?
Which system primarily regulates homeostasis through chemical messengers?
Which system primarily regulates homeostasis through chemical messengers?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of homeostasis?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of homeostasis?
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Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback loop?
Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback loop?
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Which type of connective tissue is responsible for providing a framework for lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen?
Which type of connective tissue is responsible for providing a framework for lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen?
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What is the primary function of dense regular connective tissue?
What is the primary function of dense regular connective tissue?
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Which type of cartilage is the most abundant and found in many areas of the body, including the nose and trachea?
Which type of cartilage is the most abundant and found in many areas of the body, including the nose and trachea?
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What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?
What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?
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Which of the following characteristics is NOT true of skeletal muscle tissue?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT true of skeletal muscle tissue?
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Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of internal organs, such as the stomach and intestines?
Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of internal organs, such as the stomach and intestines?
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What is the primary function of neurons in nervous tissue?
What is the primary function of neurons in nervous tissue?
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Which of these is NOT a type of loose connective tissue?
Which of these is NOT a type of loose connective tissue?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of dense irregular connective tissue?
Which of the following is a characteristic of dense irregular connective tissue?
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What is the primary function of the perichondrium that surrounds cartilage?
What is the primary function of the perichondrium that surrounds cartilage?
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What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
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Which type of epithelial tissue is best suited for absorption, secretion, and diffusion?
Which type of epithelial tissue is best suited for absorption, secretion, and diffusion?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of connective tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of connective tissue?
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Which type of transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances across a cell membrane?
Which type of transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances across a cell membrane?
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What is the difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis?
What is the difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis?
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Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a gel-like matrix with abundant collagen fibers, providing support and resilience?
Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a gel-like matrix with abundant collagen fibers, providing support and resilience?
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Which of the following is a function of the Na+/K+ pump?
Which of the following is a function of the Na+/K+ pump?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of epithelial tissue?
Which of the following is a characteristic of epithelial tissue?
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In which stage of cellular respiration is glucose broken down into pyruvate?
In which stage of cellular respiration is glucose broken down into pyruvate?
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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in protein synthesis?
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in protein synthesis?
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Which type of epithelial tissue is found lining the bladder and can stretch and contract?
Which type of epithelial tissue is found lining the bladder and can stretch and contract?
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What is the function of microvilli in epithelial cells?
What is the function of microvilli in epithelial cells?
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Which of the following describes the process of gluconeogenesis?
Which of the following describes the process of gluconeogenesis?
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Which type of membrane transport allows water to move across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration?
Which type of membrane transport allows water to move across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of muscle tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of muscle tissue?
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Which of the following is an example of a secondary active transport system?
Which of the following is an example of a secondary active transport system?
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Which of the following is the most abundant protein in the human body?
Which of the following is the most abundant protein in the human body?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a carbohydrate?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a carbohydrate?
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What is the primary function of a buffer in a biological system?
What is the primary function of a buffer in a biological system?
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Which type of lipid is responsible for the formation of cell membranes?
Which type of lipid is responsible for the formation of cell membranes?
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Which of the following describes the structure of a protein with more than one polypeptide chain?
Which of the following describes the structure of a protein with more than one polypeptide chain?
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What is the main function of a protein enzyme?
What is the main function of a protein enzyme?
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Which of the following is a product of anaerobic fermentation?
Which of the following is a product of anaerobic fermentation?
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Which of these is an example of a monosaccharide?
Which of these is an example of a monosaccharide?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE about the cell theory?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the cell theory?
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Which of these molecules is NOT involved in the energy production and utilization in cells?
Which of these molecules is NOT involved in the energy production and utilization in cells?
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What is the name of the sugar coating on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane?
What is the name of the sugar coating on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins?
Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins?
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Which type of protein is long, rigid, and often insoluble?
Which type of protein is long, rigid, and often insoluble?
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What is a major contributor to the fluidity of the cell membrane?
What is a major contributor to the fluidity of the cell membrane?
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Which of these is a key component of the cytosol?
Which of these is a key component of the cytosol?
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Which of the following correctly matches the type of lipid with its function?
Which of the following correctly matches the type of lipid with its function?
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What is the main difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
What is the main difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
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Study Notes
Chapter 1: Structure Dictates Function
- Anatomy studies structure (derived from Greek for "separate" or "cut up")
- Physiology studies function
- Hierarchy of body: subatomic particle → atom → molecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism
- Examples: electron, carbon atom, water (H₂O), mitochondria, skin cell, liver, respiratory system, human
- Life begins at the cellular level (zygote)
Body Systems Interdependence
- Homeostasis maintains a stable internal environment (set point), not static
- Negative feedback loops (most common) maintain homeostasis, working in opposite directions (e.g., temperature control)
- Positive feedback loops (less common) involve a self-amplifying effect (e.g., childbirth, orgasm)
Chapter 2: Organic and Inorganic Molecules
- Organic molecules require carbon (bound to hydrogen)
- Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
- Inorganic molecules lack carbon
- Water, gases, minerals
- Atoms (smallest unit retaining substance properties)
- Living thing composition: 96% oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, or nitrogen; 4% calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, trace elements
- About 50-75% of the body is water
Minerals, Gases, and Water
- Minerals (inorganic, 4% body weight, mostly Calcium and Phosphorus) are crucial for structure, enzymes, nucleic acids, ATP, and nerve impulses
- Trace elements (iodine, iron) act as coenzymes
- Gases (O₂, CO₂, NO) are important for numerous body processes
- Water (polar covalent bonds) is a good solvent due to polarity
- Hydrophilic substances dissolve in water; hydrophobic substances do not (e.g., oil)
- Water's polarity creates hydrogen bonds, crucial for life processes
pH and Buffers
- pH measures hydrogen ion concentration (0-14 scale)
- 7 is neutral; above 7 is basic; below 7 is acidic
- Buffers help maintain a stable pH range
Carbon and Macromolecules
- Carbon's ability to make 4 bonds allows for stable and complex molecules
- Forms chains and rings (macromolecules)
- Monomers make polymers through dehydration synthesis (removal of water), and hydrolysis (addition of water) in digestion
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates (CH₂O)ₙ, known as -oses, are quick energy sources
- Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose)
- Disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose)
- Polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose)
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
- Energy currency of the cell
- Net 30 ATP produced from aerobic respiration of glucose; Net 2 for glucose during anaerobic respiration.
Lipids
- Lipids (C, O, H with high H:O ratio) are energy-rich (9.3 kcal/g)
- Fatty acids: Saturated (most hydrogen possible) vs. Unsaturated (double bonds).
- Sterols (steroids): four ring structures
- Cholesterol (85% synthesized in body) is a key component of cell membranes
- Triglycerides (neutral fats)
- Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
- Phospholipids: have both hydrophobic (fatty acid tail) and hydrophilic (phosphate head) regions(amphiphilic)
- Eicosanoids (20-carbon compounds derived from phospholipid bilayer)
Proteins
- Proteins are polymers of amino acids (21 total)
- Differ by R groups
- Primary structure: amino acid sequence
- Secondary structure: alpha helix, beta sheet, random coil
- Tertiary structure: 3D folding (globular vs. structural)
- Quaternary structure: multiple polypeptides interacting (e.g., hemoglobin)
- Properties: conformation changes (voltage, hormones), denaturation (heat or pH)
- Functions: structure, communication, transport, catalysis, recognition/protection, movement, cell adhesion
Enzymes
- Enzymes are proteins that catalyze reactions, lowering activation energy. Often end in -ase (e.g sucrase).
- Enzymatic pathways
Nucleotides
- Nucleotides have a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
- GTP (guanosine triphosphate)
- cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)
- Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
Glucose Oxidation
- Glycolysis: splits glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules, producing 2 ATP
- Anaerobic fermentation (no oxygen): converts pyruvate to lactic acid, producing little ATP
- Aerobic respiration (with oxygen): converts pyruvate to CO₂ and H₂O, producing about 36 ATP
Chapter 3: Cells
- Cells are the fundamental units of life.
- Cell theory: describes the fundamental characteristics of cells. (1. basic unit, 2. organisms are cellular, 3. function from organelles, 4. cells from existing cells)
- Cell components that have been identified using microscopes
-Plasma membrane: separates cell interior (cytoplasm) from external environment
- Cytoplasm: includes cytosol and organelles
- Protein factory components
- DNA: the director
- Endomembrane system: the assembly line
- Other organelles and cytosol: supporting components
- Products used internally or exported
- Cell size: ~10-15 micrometers
- smaller cell is more efficient for metabolism
Plasma Membrane
- Structure: phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Polar heads and non-polar tails. Cholesterol
- Function: Barrier, gatekeeper, cell shape, communication
- Selectively permeable
Membrane Proteins
- Integral proteins: embedded in the membrane
- Transmembrane proteins: span the entire membrane
- Peripheral proteins: associated with the surface
- Glycoproteins: with glycocalyx
- Membrane protein functions: transport, recognition, enzymes, receptors, cytoskeleton attachment, cell-cell junctions
Cellular Respiration
- Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm
- Krebs cycle occurs in mitochondria matrix
- Electron transport chain takes place in inner mitochondrial membrane
Membrane Transport
- Passive transport (no energy required)
- Diffusion (high to low concentration)
- Facilitated diffusion (protein-assisted diffusion)
- Osmosis (water movement)
- Active transport (energy required)
- Pumps (primary active transport)
- Secondary active transport (indirect ATP use)
- Bulk transport (vesicles)
- Exocytosis
- Endocytosis (pinocytosis, phagocytosis)
- Na+/K+ pump: maintains ion gradients, essential to homeostasis, and accounts for a significant portion of the cell's energy use.
Chapter 4: Histology
- Histology: study of tissues.
- Tissue: collection of similar cells performing a shared function.
- Organ: two or more tissues performing a shared function.
- Four basic tissue types: epithelial, nervous, muscle, connective.
- Embryonic development: epithelial/nervous tissue. mesenchyme(muscle/connective)
Epithelial Tissue
- Characteristics: celularity, avascularity, rapid cell division, polarity (basal/apical sides)
- Types: simple (one layer), stratified (multiple layers), squamous (squished), cuboidal, columnar, transitional, pseudostratified
- Functions: protection, absorption, secretion, filtration
- Simple/ Pseudostratified/Stratified Functions:
- Simple: absorption, secretion, diffusion
Connective Tissue
- Characteristics: cell poor, matrix rich, vascularized (exception: cartilage, tendons, and ligaments); matrix is made of gel and fibrous components.
- Matrix Components: Gel Component: polysaccharides attached to core proteins (proteoglycans) which creates pores. Fibrous component: collagen and elastin
- Types: connective tissue proper (loose and dense), cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage), bone (cancellous, compact), blood.
Types of Connective Tissues
- Loose Connective Tissue:
- Areolar CT: loose fibrous arrangement with high gel component
- Adipose CT: sparse matrix, adipocytes
- Reticular CT: fine collagen meshwork, lymphoid tissues
- Dense Connective Tissue:
- Dense regular CT: high collagen, tendons, ligaments; resists stretching in one direction
- Dense irregular CT: high collagen, resists stretching in many directions
Cartilage
- Hyaline: most abundant, white, glassy
- Elastic: more elastin
- Fibrocartilage: less firm than hyaline, more compressible
Bone
- Cancellous (spongy) and compact (cortical) bone
- Osteons: structural units of compact bone
- Hydroxyapatite
Blood
- Specialized connective tissue
- RBCs (erythrocytes), WBCs (leukocytes) in a fluid matrix (plasma)
Muscle Tissue
- Skeletal: voluntary, striated, multinucleated, attached to bones
- Cardiac: involuntary, striated, branched, intercalated discs
- Smooth: involuntary, non-striated, fusiform (spindle-shaped), walls of internal organs
Nervous Tissue
- Neurons and glial cells
- Neurons for information transmission (dendrites, cell body, axon)
- Glial cells support neurons
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of biology, focusing on the structure and function of biological systems in Chapter 1, and the distinction between organic and inorganic molecules in Chapter 2. This quiz covers essential topics such as homeostasis, cellular structures, and molecule types. Dive in to assess your understanding of these foundational principles of life.
