Biology Chapter 1 & 2 Quiz

Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms, creating partial charges.

Equal sharing of electrons between atoms, no partial charges.

Electron transfer from one atom to another, forming oppositely charged ions.

Attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom (like O or N).

Substances that interact well with water.

Substances that do not interact well with water.

Non-polar molecules cluster together to avoid water.

Organization, metabolism, homeostasis, growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, and evolution.

Water resists changes in temperature, needing a large amount of heat to increase its temperature.

Measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+). Ranges from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic), with 7 being neutral.

Amino acids.

Monosaccharides.

Monomers join by removing water, forming covalent bonds.

Covalent bond between amino acids in a protein.

3D shape of a protein, determined by interactions between R groups.

Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio, often with a ring structure.

Living things have a structured arrangement, starting with cells, the basic unit of life.

Living things use energy for processes like growth and movement.

Living things maintain stable internal conditions, like temperature and pH.

Living things increase in size and complexity.

Living things create new organisms.

Living things react to changes in their surroundings.

Populations of living things change over time to better adapt to their environment.

Water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonds, creating surface tension.

Water molecules stick to other substances, such as the walls of a vessel.

Proteins are made up of chains of smaller molecules called amino acids.

Carbohydrates are made up of chains of simpler sugars called monosaccharides.

Amino acids have a central carbon atom (alpha carbon) bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable R group.

A peptide bond is a covalent bond that forms between two amino acids during protein synthesis.

The N-terminus is the end of a polypeptide chain with a free amino group.

The C-terminus is the end of a polypeptide chain with a free carboxyl group.

This enzyme is responsible for replacing RNA primers with DNA in DNA replication.

This enzyme joins together Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

This enzyme helps prevent the shortening of chromosomes by adding DNA sequences (telomeres) to the ends of chromosomes.

This DNA repair mechanism fixes errors made during replication.

This process involves enzymes attaching the correct amino acid to the tRNA molecule's 3' end.

Showed that genetic information could be transferred between bacteria using a "transforming principle". Harmless bacteria became deadly when mixed with heat-killed deadly bacteria.

Identified DNA as the "transforming principle" by isolating DNA from bacteria and showing it caused the transformation.

Confirmed DNA as the genetic material by using viruses labeled with radioactive DNA or proteins to show only DNA entered bacteria during infection.

X-ray diffraction image of DNA taken by Rosalind Franklin, revealing its helical structure.

The first accurate model of DNA, showing it as a double helix with complementary base pairing.

A nucleotide is composed of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).

Each new DNA molecule has one old strand and one new strand.

Telomerase is an enzyme that extends the telomeres (ends of chromosomes), preventing shortening during repeated DNA replication, particularly important in rapidly dividing cells.

X-ray diffraction image of DNA taken by Rosalind Franklin, revealing its helical structure.

Built the first accurate model of DNA, showing it as a double helix with complementary base pairing.

Base excision repair is a process where damaged or incorrect bases in DNA are removed and replaced with the correct one.

A nucleotide is composed of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.