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Questions and Answers
What is primarily produced during glycolysis when glucose is oxidized to pyruvate?
What is primarily produced during glycolysis when glucose is oxidized to pyruvate?
Which statement best describes the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Which statement best describes the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
In which cellular process are electrons transferred to lower energy states resulting in ATP synthesis?
In which cellular process are electrons transferred to lower energy states resulting in ATP synthesis?
What do REDOX reactions in cellular respiration primarily involve?
What do REDOX reactions in cellular respiration primarily involve?
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What is a consequence of releasing energy from a fuel all at once during cellular respiration?
What is a consequence of releasing energy from a fuel all at once during cellular respiration?
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What is the primary role of the electron transport chain (ETC) in cellular respiration?
What is the primary role of the electron transport chain (ETC) in cellular respiration?
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How many ATP molecules are generated by glycolysis?
How many ATP molecules are generated by glycolysis?
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What mechanism uses the H+ gradient to drive ATP synthesis?
What mechanism uses the H+ gradient to drive ATP synthesis?
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What type of microorganisms can perform anaerobic respiration using alternative electron acceptors?
What type of microorganisms can perform anaerobic respiration using alternative electron acceptors?
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What is a significant evolutionary advantage of glycolysis?
What is a significant evolutionary advantage of glycolysis?
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What occurs during lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells?
What occurs during lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells?
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What is the overall process called where ATP synthesis is linked to the oxidation of NADH and FADH2?
What is the overall process called where ATP synthesis is linked to the oxidation of NADH and FADH2?
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How do the inner mitochondrial membranes facilitate ATP synthesis?
How do the inner mitochondrial membranes facilitate ATP synthesis?
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What is a characteristic feature of thermophilic bacteria regarding ATP production?
What is a characteristic feature of thermophilic bacteria regarding ATP production?
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Which of the following statements about chemiosmosis is false?
Which of the following statements about chemiosmosis is false?
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Which stage of cellular respiration directly results in the formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate?
Which stage of cellular respiration directly results in the formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate?
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What is primarily responsible for creating the proton gradient used in ATP synthesis during cellular respiration?
What is primarily responsible for creating the proton gradient used in ATP synthesis during cellular respiration?
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Which of the following correctly orders the sequence of energy carriers utilized during cellular respiration?
Which of the following correctly orders the sequence of energy carriers utilized during cellular respiration?
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What type of phosphorylation occurs during glycolysis?
What type of phosphorylation occurs during glycolysis?
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Which of the following molecules functions as an electron carrier in cellular respiration?
Which of the following molecules functions as an electron carrier in cellular respiration?
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What is the net energy yield from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose, including glycolysis, pyruvate processing, and the citric acid cycle?
What is the net energy yield from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose, including glycolysis, pyruvate processing, and the citric acid cycle?
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During which process are electrons ultimately transferred to oxygen?
During which process are electrons ultimately transferred to oxygen?
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Which statement about the citric acid cycle is correct?
Which statement about the citric acid cycle is correct?
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What occurs during oxidative phosphorylation?
What occurs during oxidative phosphorylation?
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What is the primary function of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?
What is the primary function of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?
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Which phrase best describes the term 'chemiosmosis'?
Which phrase best describes the term 'chemiosmosis'?
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What characterizes the process of glycolysis?
What characterizes the process of glycolysis?
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What role do NAD+ and FAD play in cellular respiration?
What role do NAD+ and FAD play in cellular respiration?
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During cellular respiration, the term 'oxidation' refers to what process?
During cellular respiration, the term 'oxidation' refers to what process?
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In the citric acid cycle, what is produced from one turn of the cycle?
In the citric acid cycle, what is produced from one turn of the cycle?
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What does the electron transport chain accomplish in cellular respiration?
What does the electron transport chain accomplish in cellular respiration?
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What is the significance of establishing a proton gradient during cellular respiration?
What is the significance of establishing a proton gradient during cellular respiration?
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What constitutes the net energy yield from one glucose molecule throughout cellular respiration?
What constitutes the net energy yield from one glucose molecule throughout cellular respiration?
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Which of the following statements about electron carriers NADH and FADH2 is correct?
Which of the following statements about electron carriers NADH and FADH2 is correct?
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What is the primary energy currency produced during substrate-level phosphorylation?
What is the primary energy currency produced during substrate-level phosphorylation?
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What is the primary consequence of uncontrolled energy release from glucose?
What is the primary consequence of uncontrolled energy release from glucose?
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What is the main role of the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration?
What is the main role of the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration?
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What does the equation C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy represent?
What does the equation C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy represent?
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What role does oxygen play in aerobic respiration compared to anaerobic respiration?
What role does oxygen play in aerobic respiration compared to anaerobic respiration?
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Explain the significance of the electron transport chain in the process of cellular respiration.
Explain the significance of the electron transport chain in the process of cellular respiration.
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Describe the efficient energy transfer system in cellular respiration involving REDOX reactions.
Describe the efficient energy transfer system in cellular respiration involving REDOX reactions.
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What happens to the electrons during the oxidation of glucose in cellular respiration?
What happens to the electrons during the oxidation of glucose in cellular respiration?
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How does glycolysis relate to the overall process of cellular respiration?
How does glycolysis relate to the overall process of cellular respiration?
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Define how ATP is produced during chemiosmosis in cellular respiration.
Define how ATP is produced during chemiosmosis in cellular respiration.
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What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle within cellular respiration?
What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle within cellular respiration?
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How do the products of cellular respiration contribute to photosynthesis?
How do the products of cellular respiration contribute to photosynthesis?
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What are the two forms of NAD+ during cellular respiration and how do they differ?
What are the two forms of NAD+ during cellular respiration and how do they differ?
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Explain the significance of substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis?
Explain the significance of substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis?
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Describe how electrons move through the electron transport chain.
Describe how electrons move through the electron transport chain.
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What is the role of Acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle?
What is the role of Acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle?
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How does the establishment of a proton gradient contribute to ATP synthesis?
How does the establishment of a proton gradient contribute to ATP synthesis?
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What is the overall energy yield from one molecule of glucose through glycolysis, pyruvate processing, and the citric acid cycle?
What is the overall energy yield from one molecule of glucose through glycolysis, pyruvate processing, and the citric acid cycle?
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Identify the three main stages of cellular respiration.
Identify the three main stages of cellular respiration.
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In which part of the mitochondria does ATP synthesis occur, and why is this location important?
In which part of the mitochondria does ATP synthesis occur, and why is this location important?
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What happens to the electrons by the end of the electron transport chain?
What happens to the electrons by the end of the electron transport chain?
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Why are NADH and FADH2 considered excellent electron carriers?
Why are NADH and FADH2 considered excellent electron carriers?
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Explain how the hydrogen ion gradient contributes to ATP synthesis.
Explain how the hydrogen ion gradient contributes to ATP synthesis.
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What evolutionary significance does glycolysis have across different organisms?
What evolutionary significance does glycolysis have across different organisms?
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How does anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes?
How does anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes?
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Describe the role of ATP synthase in the context of oxidative phosphorylation.
Describe the role of ATP synthase in the context of oxidative phosphorylation.
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What is the consequence of lactic acid fermentation during strenuous exercise?
What is the consequence of lactic acid fermentation during strenuous exercise?
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In what environments are thermophilic bacteria commonly found, and how do they adapt their metabolism?
In what environments are thermophilic bacteria commonly found, and how do they adapt their metabolism?
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What role does the rotating 'rotor' of ATP synthase play in ATP production?
What role does the rotating 'rotor' of ATP synthase play in ATP production?
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Discuss the significance of substrate-level phosphorylation compared to oxidative phosphorylation.
Discuss the significance of substrate-level phosphorylation compared to oxidative phosphorylation.
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What primary products are generated during cellular respiration?
What primary products are generated during cellular respiration?
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What is the ultimate role of ATP in cellular processes?
What is the ultimate role of ATP in cellular processes?
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Which statement correctly describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Which statement correctly describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
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What is produced during photosynthesis that supports cellular respiration?
What is produced during photosynthesis that supports cellular respiration?
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Where does the breakdown of organic molecules for ATP production occur in eukaryotic cells?
Where does the breakdown of organic molecules for ATP production occur in eukaryotic cells?
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Study Notes
Energy flow and chemical recycling
- Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce organic molecules and oxygen.
- Cellular respiration breaks down organic molecules (like glucose) in mitochondria to generate ATP, which requires oxygen.
- The products of cellular respiration, water and carbon dioxide, are raw materials for photosynthesis.
Cellular respiration
- A catabolic pathway that releases energy through a series of redox reactions involving the loss or gain of electrons.
- Key formula: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat)
- Oxidation is the loss of electrons. Reduction is the gain of electrons.
- Electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) shuttle electrons from the early stages of respiration to the electron transport chain.
- Energy is released in a controlled manner through a series of smaller steps, catalyzed by different enzymes.
Stages of Cellular Respiration
-
Glycolysis: Glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules in the cytosol.
- Net energy yield per glucose molecule: 2 ATP + 2 NADH
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Pyruvate processing: Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA in the mitochondria.
- Net energy yield per pyruvate: 1 NADH
-
Citric acid cycle: Acetyl CoA is completely oxidized to CO2.
- Net energy yield per pyruvate: 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
-
Electron transport chain (ETC): Electrons are passed down a series of molecules in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
- The energy released is used to pump protons across the membrane, creating a proton gradient.
- Chemiosmosis: The proton gradient is used by ATP synthase to produce ATP.
ATP Synthesis
- Most ATP (~25 molecules) is generated by oxidative phosphorylation via the ETC and chemiosmosis.
- Only 4 ATP from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle via substrate-level phosphorylation.
Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis
- Glycolisis generates 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, whether oxygen is present or not.
- This pathway is widespread among organisms and is thought to be an ancient metabolic pathway.
- Prior to the presence of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere, early prokaryotes likely used glycolysis to produce ATP.
Anaerobic respiration
- Some prokaryotes produce ATP without oxygen using a final electron acceptor other than oxygen.
- Examples of electron acceptors: sulfate (SO42-) or nitrate (NO3-), used by bacteria and archaea in oxygen-poor environments.
Fermentation
- Cells can produce ATP without electron acceptors required by the ETC.
-
Lactic acid fermentation: Pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH, producing lactate.
- Occurs in muscle cells during strenuous exercise, when oxygen is scarce.
- Also used by some bacteria, for example in sour milk production.
- Fermentation regenerates NAD+ from NADH, allowing glycolysis to continue.
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration is a catabolic process that releases energy from breaking down food.
- This energy is harnessed by the cell to synthesize ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main energy currency of cells.
- Cellular respiration includes a series of redox reactions, where electrons are transferred from one molecule to another.
- The overall chemical equation for cellular respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat)
- During cellular respiration, glucose (C6H12O6) is oxidized, losing electrons. Oxygen (O2) is reduced, gaining electrons.
- Oxidation is the loss of electrons; Reduction is the gain of electrons.
- Most electrons travel through the following pathway: Glucose → NAD+/NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen.
- Most electrons travel downhill, losing potential energy as they move.
Electron Carriers
- Electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) act as shuttles for electrons.
- They pick up electrons from high-energy molecules and deliver them to the electron transport chain.
Stages of Cellular Respiration
-
Glycolysis: The initial stage, occurs in the cytosol, breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules.
- Generates 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules per glucose molecule.
- Does not require oxygen.
-
Pyruvate Oxidation: Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.
- Generates 1 NADH molecule per pyruvate.
-
Citric Acid Cycle: Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, oxidizes acetyl-CoA into carbon dioxide.
- Generates 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per acetyl-CoA.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
- The ETC is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- It uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to pump protons (H+) across the membrane, establishing a proton gradient.
- The energy released from electron transfer is used to pump protons.
Chemiosmosis
- Proton Motive Force: The proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- ATP Synthase: A protein complex that uses the proton gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
- This process of using a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis is called chemiosmosis.
ATP Yield
- Cellular respiration yields a total of approximately 28-32 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
- Most ATP is generated through oxidative phosphorylation.
Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation
- Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and uses other molecules as the final electron acceptor in the ETC.
- Fermentation allows cells to produce ATP without the use of ETC.
- Lactic acid fermentation: Pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH, producing lactate.
- Alcoholic fermentation: Pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO2.
Significance of Glycolysis
- Glycolysis is a very ancient metabolic pathway, which is likely why it is so widespread in life.
- It generates ATP in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
- It likely evolved before oxygen was present in Earth's atmosphere.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the processes of cellular respiration and its stages. This quiz covers key concepts including glycolysis, electron transport chain, and the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of energy flow in living organisms.