Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who is the first to observe 'small chambers' in cork and called them cells?
Who is the first to observe 'small chambers' in cork and called them cells?
Robert Hooke
Who commissioned a microscopic investigation of the natural world?
Who commissioned a microscopic investigation of the natural world?
King Charles II of England
Robert Hooke published his book called ___________, which contains his drawings of a section of cork as seen through one of the first microscopes.
Robert Hooke published his book called ___________, which contains his drawings of a section of cork as seen through one of the first microscopes.
Microraphia
Who discovered and named the nucleus?
Who discovered and named the nucleus?
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Who helped in the development of cell theory by explaining that cells are the shared element of plants and animals?
Who helped in the development of cell theory by explaining that cells are the shared element of plants and animals?
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Who is considered the founder of modern histology and defined the cell as the basic unit of animal structure?
Who is considered the founder of modern histology and defined the cell as the basic unit of animal structure?
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Who concluded that new cells could be produced only from the division of existing cells?
Who concluded that new cells could be produced only from the division of existing cells?
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Who discovered that the cell membrane is a defined physical structure?
Who discovered that the cell membrane is a defined physical structure?
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Who proposed the endosymbiotic theory related to mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Who proposed the endosymbiotic theory related to mitochondria and chloroplasts?
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What is the 1st Cell Postulate?
What is the 1st Cell Postulate?
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What is the 2nd Cell Postulate?
What is the 2nd Cell Postulate?
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What is the 3rd Cell Postulate?
What is the 3rd Cell Postulate?
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What is the 4th Cell Postulate?
What is the 4th Cell Postulate?
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What is the 5th Cell Postulate?
What is the 5th Cell Postulate?
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What is the 6th Cell Postulate?
What is the 6th Cell Postulate?
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What regulates what enters and leaves the cell and separates the internal environment of the cell from the external environment?
What regulates what enters and leaves the cell and separates the internal environment of the cell from the external environment?
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What molecules help strengthen the cell membrane making it more flexible but less fluid?
What molecules help strengthen the cell membrane making it more flexible but less fluid?
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What are attached to proteins and serve as identification tags for cells?
What are attached to proteins and serve as identification tags for cells?
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What is a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell?
What is a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell?
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What is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus?
What is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus?
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What part of the cell contains DNA and RNA and is responsible for growth and reproduction?
What part of the cell contains DNA and RNA and is responsible for growth and reproduction?
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What is found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes?
What is found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes?
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What organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
What organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
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What structure in the cell forms a maze of passageways for transporting materials?
What structure in the cell forms a maze of passageways for transporting materials?
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What endomembrane system is covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled?
What endomembrane system is covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled?
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What type of endoplasmic reticulum has no ribosomes but is involved in the synthesis of lipids and some steroids?
What type of endoplasmic reticulum has no ribosomes but is involved in the synthesis of lipids and some steroids?
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What stack of membranes in the cell modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum?
What stack of membranes in the cell modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum?
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What are small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell?
What are small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell?
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What cell organelle stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates?
What cell organelle stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates?
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What organelle contains digestive enzymes?
What organelle contains digestive enzymes?
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What organelles break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide?
What organelles break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide?
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What organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
What organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
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What organelle is found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs?
What organelle is found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs?
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What organelles are responsible for forming and anchoring the spindle fibers?
What organelles are responsible for forming and anchoring the spindle fibers?
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What are hairlike structures that extend from the surface of the cell, assisting in movement?
What are hairlike structures that extend from the surface of the cell, assisting in movement?
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What is a network of fibers that holds the cell together and aids in movement?
What is a network of fibers that holds the cell together and aids in movement?
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What are thick hollow tubes that make up the cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers?
What are thick hollow tubes that make up the cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers?
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What prevents leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells?
What prevents leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells?
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What junction allows cells to stretch?
What junction allows cells to stretch?
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What provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells?
What provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells?
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What type of cell lacks a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles?
What type of cell lacks a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles?
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What type of cell is larger, more complex, and contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
What type of cell is larger, more complex, and contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
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What is a sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria?
What is a sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria?
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What is an area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule?
What is an area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule?
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What are the folding structures present inside the plasma membrane that play a role in cellular respiration?
What are the folding structures present inside the plasma membrane that play a role in cellular respiration?
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What is a small circle of DNA that plays a role in exchanging DNA between bacterial cells?
What is a small circle of DNA that plays a role in exchanging DNA between bacterial cells?
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What is a highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?
What is a highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?
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What type of cell does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and has a small vacuole?
What type of cell does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and has a small vacuole?
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What type of cell contains a cell wall, chloroplast, and large vacuole?
What type of cell contains a cell wall, chloroplast, and large vacuole?
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What type of tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities?
What type of tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities?
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What type of epithelial tissue has cube-shaped cells?
What type of epithelial tissue has cube-shaped cells?
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What is made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together?
What is made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together?
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What consists of a single layer of flattened cells?
What consists of a single layer of flattened cells?
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What is multilayered and regenerates quickly for protection?
What is multilayered and regenerates quickly for protection?
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What type of epithelium has a single layer of cells that may look stacked because of varying height?
What type of epithelium has a single layer of cells that may look stacked because of varying height?
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What is a body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts?
What is a body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts?
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What is a connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which cells are suspended?
What is a connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which cells are suspended?
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What is the type of connective tissue that includes loose and dense connective tissues?
What is the type of connective tissue that includes loose and dense connective tissues?
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What connective tissue is more flexible than bone and protects the ends of bones?
What connective tissue is more flexible than bone and protects the ends of bones?
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What is mineralized connective tissue?
What is mineralized connective tissue?
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What tissue is composed of long cells called muscle fibers that allow movement?
What tissue is composed of long cells called muscle fibers that allow movement?
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What is striated and allows voluntary movements?
What is striated and allows voluntary movements?
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What is involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart?
What is involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart?
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What muscle tissue is non-striated and involuntary?
What muscle tissue is non-striated and involuntary?
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What tissue carries electrical messages between the brain and other parts of the body?
What tissue carries electrical messages between the brain and other parts of the body?
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What allows fast cell communication by sending impulses through the nervous system?
What allows fast cell communication by sending impulses through the nervous system?
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What are cells in the nervous system that support and protect neurons?
What are cells in the nervous system that support and protect neurons?
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What is the process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells?
What is the process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells?
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What is the regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo called?
What is the regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo called?
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What type of cell division results in nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes?
What type of cell division results in nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes?
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What type of cell division produces reproductive cells?
What type of cell division produces reproductive cells?
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What checkpoint ensures chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle fibers?
What checkpoint ensures chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle fibers?
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What is considered the most important of the three major checkpoints in the cell cycle?
What is considered the most important of the three major checkpoints in the cell cycle?
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What checkpoint ensures DNA replication has been successfully completed?
What checkpoint ensures DNA replication has been successfully completed?
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What must precede mitosis so that all daughter cells receive the same complement of chromosomes?
What must precede mitosis so that all daughter cells receive the same complement of chromosomes?
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What phases allow the cell to grow large enough and synthesize enough organelles?
What phases allow the cell to grow large enough and synthesize enough organelles?
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What gives the 'go-ahead' signals at the G1 and G2 checkpoints?
What gives the 'go-ahead' signals at the G1 and G2 checkpoints?
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What regulates the cell cycle when bound to cyclin?
What regulates the cell cycle when bound to cyclin?
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What phosphorylates key proteins in the mitotic sequence?
What phosphorylates key proteins in the mitotic sequence?
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What is the first phase of mitosis where chromosomes become visible?
What is the first phase of mitosis where chromosomes become visible?
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What phase of mitosis involves chromosomes lining up in the middle of the cell?
What phase of mitosis involves chromosomes lining up in the middle of the cell?
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What phase of mitosis is where chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles?
What phase of mitosis is where chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles?
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What is the final phase of mitosis where the cell seals off?
What is the final phase of mitosis where the cell seals off?
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What is the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells?
What is the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells?
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What is the first phase of meiosis that has five substages?
What is the first phase of meiosis that has five substages?
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What phase of meiosis has the spindle apparatus completely formed?
What phase of meiosis has the spindle apparatus completely formed?
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What phase of meiosis involves separation of chromosomes in each tetrad?
What phase of meiosis involves separation of chromosomes in each tetrad?
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What phase of meiosis forms two nuclei and cytokinesis occurs?
What phase of meiosis forms two nuclei and cytokinesis occurs?
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During what stage of meiosis does the nuclear envelope break down?
During what stage of meiosis does the nuclear envelope break down?
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In what stage of meiosis do spindles line up the chromosomes down the middle?
In what stage of meiosis do spindles line up the chromosomes down the middle?
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In what stage of meiosis do spindles pull sister chromatids apart?
In what stage of meiosis do spindles pull sister chromatids apart?
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What occurs after nuclear membranes start to form again in meiosis?
What occurs after nuclear membranes start to form again in meiosis?
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Study Notes
Cell Theory and Key Contributors
- Robert Hooke first observed "cells" in cork, coining the term.
- King Charles II commissioned investigations into microscopy, advancing biological studies.
- Robert Brown discovered and identified the nucleus in cells.
- Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann contributed to cell theory, emphasizing that all organisms consist of one or more cells, and that cells are the fundamental unit of life.
- Rudolf Virchow concluded that all new cells arise from the division of pre-existing cells.
- Lynn Margulis proposed the endosymbiotic theory, explaining that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from ancient bacteria.
Cell Structure and Organelles
- The plasma membrane controls cellular entry and exit, maintaining internal environment.
- Cholesterol in the membrane enhances flexibility while reducing permeability to water-soluble substances.
- Carbohydrates attached to proteins on cell surfaces function as identification tags distinguishing cell types.
- The cell wall provides structural support for plant cells, while animal cells lack a cell wall.
- Cytoplasm refers to all content within a cell excluding the nucleus.
Nucleus and Genetic Material
- The nucleus contains DNA and RNA, crucial for cellular growth and reproduction.
- The nucleolus, found within the nucleus, is responsible for ribosome production.
Cellular Components and Functions
- Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) facilitates material transport within the cell; Rough ER has ribosomes for protein assembly, while Smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
- The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins received from the ER.
- Vesicles and vacuoles aid in intracellular transport and storage of materials.
- Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes, while peroxisomes are involved in fatty acid breakdown and hydrogen peroxide production.
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
- Mitochondria serve as the energy powerhouse, producing ATP.
- Chloroplasts are found in plant cells and are essential for photosynthesis.
Cytoskeletal Elements
- The cytoskeleton provides structural support, aiding cell shape and movement.
- Microtubules are key components of cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers.
Junctions Between Cells
- Tight junctions prevent leakage between cells, while adhesion junctions allow flexibility.
- Gap junctions enable communication between adjacent cells.
Cell Types: Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
- Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus; they are found in Bacteria and Archaea.
- Eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus, organelles, and complex structures, including plant cells with cellulose in their walls.
Tissues and their Functions
- Epithelial tissue lines surfaces, with specific types based on cell shape and arrangement (e.g., cuboidal, columnar, squamous).
- Connective tissue provides structural support and includes diverse forms like blood, cartilage, and bone.
- Muscle tissue enables movement, categorized into skeletal, cardiac, and smooth types.
- Nervous tissue transmits electrical messages, composed of nerve cells and supportive glial cells.
The Cell Cycle
- The cell cycle consists of growth (G1, S, G2) and division (mitosis or meiosis).
- Mitosis is the process of nuclear division producing identical daughter cells, while meiosis results in gametes with half the chromosome number.
- Checkpoints (G1, G2, Metaphase) ensure proper cell cycle progression, with kinases playing a crucial regulatory role.
Mitosis and Meiosis Phases
- Mitosis includes: Prophase (chromosomes visible), Metaphase (alignment), Anaphase (separation of chromatids), Telophase (nuclear envelope re-formation), and Cytokinesis (cytoplasm division).
- Meiosis involves Prophase I (with substages), Metaphase I (chromosome alignment), Anaphase I (separation of tetrads), Telophase I (nucleus formation), and similar processes in Meiosis II.
Genetic Outcomes
- Meiosis produces four haploid cells: in males, four sperm; in females, one egg and three polar bodies, which are non-functional.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of cell theory and the key contributors who shaped our understanding of cells. This quiz covers important discoveries related to cell structure, organelles, and their functions in living organisms.
