668 Questions
Where do the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place?
Stroma
What is the primary function of chlorophyll in plant cells?
To capture light energy for photosynthesis
What is the main function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
To convert solar energy into chemical energy
What can occupy up to 90% of a plant cell's volume?
Central vacuole
What is the solution found in the central vacuole of a plant cell?
Cell sap
What is the primary function of the cell wall in plant cells?
Protection and structural support
Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?
Chloroplasts
What is the main component of the plant cell wall?
Cellulose
What is the function of thylakoids in chloroplasts?
Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
Which of the following organisms have cell walls made of cellulose?
Only plants
What is the function of chlorophyll in chloroplasts?
Absorption of light energy
What is the main difference between plant and animal cells?
Presence of cell wall
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cell wall?
Cell signaling
What is the basic unit of life in multicellular organisms?
Cell
What is the main function of the digestive system?
To break down food into small particles that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
What is the term for the grouping of similar cells working together to perform a specific function?
Tissue
What is the term for the process of moving food from the mouth to the stomach through muscular contractions?
Peristalsis
What is the main function of the stomach in the digestive system?
To mix food with gastric juices and enzymes
What is the term for the long, twisting pipe-like structure that extends from the mouth to the anus?
Alimentary Canal
What is the main function of the small intestine in the digestive system?
To absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
What is the term for the groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions?
Organ System
What is the term for the process of observing cells under a microscope?
Microscopy
What is the term for the type of organism composed of many cells that specialize and work together?
Multicellular Organism
What is one of the main functions of vacuoles in plant cells?
To store nutrients and waste products
What is the role of turgor pressure in plant cells?
To support plant growth
What is the main difference between the shape of plant and animal cells?
Plant cells are rectangular, while animal cells are flexible
Which organelle is responsible for breaking down waste materials in plant cells?
Vacuoles
What is the function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?
To allow communication between adjacent plant cells
Which organelle is found in animal cells but not typically in plant cells?
Lysosomes
What is the role of the vacuole in cell growth?
To absorb water and expand
What is a common function of peroxisomes in both plant and animal cells?
To detoxify harmful substances
What is the primary function of starch in plant cells?
To store energy
Which type of microscope uses visible light to illuminate specimens and lenses to magnify the image?
Light Microscope
What is the purpose of the diaphragm in a light microscope?
To control the amount of light reaching the specimen
What is the term for the process by which cells specialize to perform distinct functions?
Differentiation
Which type of cell is capable of dividing and differentiating into various specialized cells?
Stem Cell
What is the primary function of the stage in a light microscope?
To hold the slide
What is the purpose of staining in microscopic observation?
To enhance the contrast
What is the primary function of glycogen in animal cells?
To store energy
What is the purpose of the coarse and fine focus knobs in a light microscope?
To focus the image
Which type of microscope is suitable for viewing the ultrastructure of cells and tissues?
Electron Microscope
What is the main function of the large intestine in the digestive system?
To absorb water and salts from the remaining indigestible food matter
What is the term for the process of taking food into the body through the mouth by eating or drinking?
Ingestion
What is the name of the disease that gradually replaces healthy liver tissue with scar tissue?
Liver Cirrhosis
What is the purpose of the circulatory system?
To transport blood throughout the body and deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells
What is the name of the muscular organ that pumps blood through the body?
Heart
What is the name of the blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues of the body?
Arteries
What is the pathway of blood circulation between the heart and the lungs?
Pulmonary circulation
What is the function of the rectum in the digestive system?
To store feces until they are expelled through the anus during the process of egestion
What is the term for the removal of undigested or unwanted particles from the body as feces through the rectum and anus?
Egestion
What is the name of the eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight?
Anorexia Nervosa
Where are the kidneys located in the human body?
On either side of the ribcage
What is the primary function of the ureters?
To transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
What is the term for the process of filtering blood in the kidneys?
Filtration
What is the term for the inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys?
Glomerulonephritis
What is the term for the tube that connects the bladder to the exterior of the body?
Urethra
What is the term for the process of reabsorbing essential substances back into the bloodstream?
Reabsorption
What is the term for the passage of urine from the bladder out of the body?
Urination
What is the term for the condition where the kidneys lose their ability to filter blood effectively?
Kidney failure
What is the term for the hard deposits of minerals and salts that form in the kidneys?
Kidney stones
What is the term for the muscular walls of the ureters that propel urine downward?
Peristalsis
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
To transmit nerve impulses between different parts of the body
What is PKD?
A genetic disorder characterized by numerous cysts in the kidneys
What is the function of sensory organs in the nervous system?
To collect information from the environment
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
To oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide
What is the central organ of the nervous system?
Brain
What is the function of the spinal cord?
To transmit signals between the brain and the rest of the body
What occurs when the force of blood against the artery walls is too high?
Hypertension
What happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation?
It increases
What is the purpose of the respiratory system?
To exchange gases between the body and the environment
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is the term for the process of sending and receiving impulses in the nervous system?
Synaptic transmission
What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?
To transmit signals between the brain and the rest of the body
What is the function of the trachea?
To conduct air from the pharynx to the bronchi
What is the main function of the brain in the nervous system?
To process sensory information
What is the term for the gap between neurons?
Synapse
What is the name of the disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis
What is the purpose of the bronchi?
To distribute air throughout the lungs
What is the function of neurotransmitters?
To transmit signals between neurons
What is the term for the inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes?
Bronchitis
What is the function of the alveoli?
To facilitate the diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood
What is the role of the diaphragm in breathing?
To contract and relax to change the volume of the thoracic cavity
What is the main function of the spinal cord in the nervous system?
To transmit neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body
What is the importance of regular hydration for the excretory system?
To support the excretory system's health
What is the result of a heart attack?
The affected heart muscle can be damaged or die
What is the purpose of the nervous system?
To transmit nerve impulses between different parts of the body
What is the name of the chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways?
Asthma
What occurs when a stroke happens?
The blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced
What is the primary function of neurons in the nervous system?
To transmit neural signals
What is the function of the pharynx?
To serve as a passageway for both air and food
What is the term for the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment?
Gaseous Exchange
What is the primary function of the taste buds on the tongue?
To detect different flavors
What is the primary function of the olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity?
To detect airborne chemicals
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain?
To regulate body temperature
What can result from damage to the brain or spinal cord?
-paralysis
What is a type of degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognition?
Alzheimer's disease
What can impair the ability to process sensory information?
Sensory organ problems
What can cause significant damage to the brain?
Substance abuse
What is important for appreciating how our bodies interact with the environment and maintain internal balance?
Understanding the nervous system's structure and function
What is the main function of neurons in the nervous system?
To transmit electrical impulses
What is the role of sensory organs in the nervous system?
To detect external stimuli and send information to the brain
What is the function of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?
To carry signals from one neuron to another
What is the result of damage to the brain or spinal cord from accidents or injuries?
Loss of function, such as paralysis or cognitive impairments
What is the purpose of the excretory system?
To remove metabolic waste products
What is the effect of substance abuse on the nervous system?
It can cause irreversible brain damage
What is the role of the central nervous system (CNS) in the nervous system?
To process information and send out motor commands
What is the function of reflex arcs in the nervous system?
To bypass the brain and directly connect sensory neurons to motor neurons
What is the result of a stroke in the nervous system?
Brain cells die due to lack of oxygen
What is the role of the nervous system in maintaining overall health and well-being?
It plays a vital role
What is the primary function of starch in plant cells?
To store energy
What is the main difference between plant and animal cells in terms of energy storage?
Plant cells store energy in the form of starch, while animal cells store energy in the form of glycogen
What type of microscope is suitable for viewing live cells and tissues?
Light Microscope
What is the purpose of the eyepiece in a light microscope?
To magnify the image of the specimen
What is the term for the process of cells specializing to perform distinct functions?
Differentiation
What type of cells are capable of dividing and differentiating into various specialized cells?
Stem Cells
What is the purpose of staining in microscopic observation?
To enhance contrast and allow for better visualization of structures
What is the primary function of glycogen in animal cells?
To store energy
What is the term for the preparation method used for observing living organisms and aquatic samples?
Wet Mount
What is the purpose of the diaphragm in a light microscope?
To control the amount of light reaching the specimen
What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?
To store nutrients, waste products, and other substances
Which of the following organelles is typically found in animal cells but not in plant cells?
Lysosomes
What is the main difference between the shape of plant and animal cells?
Plant cells have a fixed, rectangular shape, while animal cells have an irregular shape
What is the role of turgor pressure in plant cells?
To provide support and rigidity to the plant structure
What is the function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?
To allow communication and transport between adjacent plant cells
What is the primary function of peroxisomes in both plant and animal cells?
To detoxify harmful substances
What is the role of the vacuole in cell growth?
To absorb water and expand the cell
Which of the following organelles is responsible for breaking down waste materials in plant cells?
Vacuoles
What is the primary function of adult stem cells?
To maintain and repair tissues
What is the main difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms?
The number of cells
What is the hierarchy of organization in multicellular organisms?
Cells, organs, tissues, systems, organism
What is the purpose of the digestive system?
All of the above
What is the function of the esophagus in the digestive system?
To move chewed food from the mouth to the stomach
What is the main function of the stomach in the digestive system?
To mix food with gastric juices and enzymes
What is the term for the process of observing cells under a microscope?
Microscopy
What is the term for the grouping of similar cells working together to perform a specific function?
Tissue
What is the term for the long, twisting pipe-like structure that extends from the mouth to the anus?
Alimentary canal
What is the main function of the small intestine in the digestive system?
To absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
What is the primary function of the large intestine in the digestive system?
Absorbing water and salts from the remaining indigestible food matter
What is the term for the process of taking food into the body through the mouth by eating or drinking?
Ingestion
What is the name of the disease that gradually replaces healthy liver tissue with scar tissue?
Liver Cirrhosis
What is the primary function of the heart in the circulatory system?
Pumping blood through the body
What is the name of the blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues of the body?
Arteries
What is the pathway of blood circulation between the heart and the lungs?
Pulmonary Circulation
What is the function of the rectum in the digestive system?
Storing feces until they are expelled through the anus
What is the purpose of the circulatory system?
To transport blood throughout the body
What is the term for the removal of undigested or unwanted particles from the body as feces through the rectum and anus?
Egestion
What happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation?
It increases
What is the primary function of the stomach in the digestive system?
To break down large food pieces into smaller particles
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
To transmit nerve impulses
Where does gaseous exchange occur in the human body?
In the alveoli and body tissues
What is the main function of the brain?
To process sensory information
What is the term for the inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes?
Bronchitis
What is the primary function of the spinal cord?
To transmit neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body
What is the term for the malignant disease often caused by smoking, exposure to radon gas, asbestos, and severe air pollution?
Lung Cancer
What is the term for the chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways?
Asthma
What is the term for the infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs?
Pneumonia
What is the term for the infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
To oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide
What is the pathway of oxygenated blood in systemic circulation?
From the left ventricle to the aorta to the rest of the body
What is the consequence of a heart attack?
The affected heart muscle can be damaged or die
What is the purpose of the respiratory system?
To oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide
What is the function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?
To facilitate the diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood
What is the role of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?
To change the volume of the thoracic cavity, allowing air to flow in and out of the lungs
What is the consequence of a stroke?
Brain cells begin to die within minutes, resulting in loss of function
What is the function of the pharynx in the respiratory system?
To serve as a passageway for both air and food
What is the description of high blood pressure?
A condition where the force of blood against the artery walls is too high
What is the term for the process of breathing or inhaling?
Inhalation
Where are the kidneys located in the body?
On either side of the spine, just below the ribcage
What is the primary function of the ureters?
To transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
What is the main function of the bladder?
To store urine until it is excreted
What is the process by which the kidneys filter waste from the blood?
Filtration
What is the term for the functional units of the kidneys?
Nephrons
What is the most common cause of kidney failure?
Chronic kidney disease
What is the term for hard deposits of minerals and salts that form in the kidneys?
Kidney stones
What is the term for inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys?
Glomerulonephritis
What is the term for the tube that connects the bladder to the exterior of the body?
Urethra
What is the main function of the collecting ducts in the kidneys?
To funnel urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis
What is the main function of sensory organs in the nervous system?
To detect external stimuli and send information to the brain
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
To regulate body functions to maintain homeostasis
What is a reflex action?
A rapid, involuntary response to stimuli
What is the main function of the excretory system?
To remove waste products generated by the body's cells
What happens when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted?
A stroke occurs
What is the term for disorders that cause progressive loss of neural function?
Degenerative disorders
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?
To carry signals from the synapse to the next neuron
What is the main function of motor neurons in the nervous system?
To transmit motor commands to muscles and glands
What is the term for the process of moving molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Osmosis
What is the term for the grouping of similar cells working together to perform a specific function?
Tissue
What is the primary function of the olfactory receptors in the nose?
To detect airborne chemicals
What is the result of damage to the brain or spinal cord?
Severe and often irreversible consequences, including paralysis
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain?
To regulate body temperature
What is the result of a stroke?
Permanent damage and loss of function in parts of the body controlled by the affected brain area
What is the primary function of the taste buds on the tongue?
To detect different flavors of food
What is the result of degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease?
Progressive degeneration of the nervous system
What is the result of substance abuse on the brain?
Significant damage to the brain, impairing cognitive functions, memory, learning, and emotional regulation
What is the result of damage to sensory organs such as the eyes and ears?
Impairment of the ability to process sensory information
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
To transmit nerve impulses between different parts of the body
What is the central organ of the nervous system?
Brain
What is the function of sensory organs in the nervous system?
To collect information from the environment
What is the term for the process of sending and receiving impulses in the nervous system?
Neurotransmission
What is the main function of the kidneys in the excretory system?
To filter waste from the blood
What is the name of the genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys?
Polycystic Kidney Disease
What is the main function of the brain in the nervous system?
To control various functions of the body
What is the term for the long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue that extends from the brain through the spine?
Spinal cord
What is the main function of the peripheral nervous system?
To transmit signals between the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body
What is the main function of the sensory organs in the ear?
To detect sound waves
What is the primary function of the scrotum?
To regulate the temperature of the testes
What is the process by which an ovary releases a mature egg?
Ovulation
What is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?
Urethra
What is the condition in which tissue similar to the lining inside the uterus grows outside the uterus?
Endometriosis
What is the process by which a sperm cell from the male combines with an egg cell from the female?
Fertilization
What is the release of semen, which contains sperm, from the penis?
Ejaculation
What is the long, coiled tube located at the back of each testis?
Epididymis
What is the primary purpose of puberty?
To develop the reproductive organs and produce gametes
What is the duct that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra?
Vas Deferens
What is the process by which the lining of the uterus is shed through the vagina?
Menstruation
Which hormone is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?
Testosterone
What is the term for diseases that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact?
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
What is the role of the pituitary gland in puberty?
To release hormones that stimulate the gonads
What is the main function of the scrotum?
To regulate the temperature of the testes
What is the result of increased levels of oestrogen in females during puberty?
A widening of the hips and development of a more rounded body shape
Which part of the male reproductive organ is responsible for transporting mature sperm to the urethra?
Vas deferens
What is the term for the onset of the menstrual cycle in females?
Menstruation
What are the reproductive cells produced by males?
Sperm
What is the function of the foreskin?
To cover the head of the penis
What is the role of the ovaries in females?
To produce ova
What is the main function of the urethra?
To transport urine and semen
What is the term for the physical changes that differentiate males and females and are not directly involved in reproduction?
Secondary sexual characteristics
What is the main function of the vagina?
To serve as a receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse
What is the main function of the uterus?
To house and nourish a fertilized egg
What is the result of puberty in males?
The growth and maturity of the reproductive organs
What is the term for the process by which the pituitary gland releases hormones that stimulate the gonads?
Gonadal stimulation
What is the main function of the ovaries?
To produce female sex hormones and store eggs
What is the main function of the Fallopian tubes?
To transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus
What is the term for the release of a mature egg from one of the ovaries?
Ovulation
What happens if the egg is not fertilized?
The lining of the uterus is shed and expelled from the body
What is the primary purpose of the reproductive system?
To ensure the continuation of the species through sexual reproduction
What is the role of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
To produce ova and release them during ovulation
What is the function of the fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system?
To connect the ovaries to the uterus
What is the term for the muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops during pregnancy?
Uterus
What is the function of the testes in the male reproductive system?
To produce sperm cells and testosterone
What is the role of the vagina in the female reproductive system?
To serve as the passage through which menstrual blood leaves the body
What is the location of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
In the lower abdomen
What is the term for the process by which a sperm cell combines with an egg cell to form a new individual?
Fertilization
What is the importance of the moist surface of alveoli?
To help gases dissolve and diffuse more rapidly
What is the role of capillaries in blood circulation?
To connect arteries and veins, facilitating exchange of oxygen and nutrients
What is the consequence of inefficient gaseous exchange?
Severe health issues, such as asthma and emphysema
What is the function of the left atrium in the heart?
To receive oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pump it into the left ventricle
What is the characteristic of arteries, except pulmonary arteries?
They carry oxygenated blood under high pressure
What is the role of mitochondria in cellular respiration?
To combine oxygen with glucose to release energy
What is the function of veins, except pulmonary veins?
To carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
What is the importance of efficient gaseous exchange?
To maintain the body's homeostasis, ensuring cellular respiration and waste removal
What is the pathway of oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary veins to the left atrium
What is the term for the grouping of similar cells working together to perform a specific function?
Tissue
What is the primary function of the diaphragm during inhalation?
To contract and flatten, moving downwards
Where does fertilization occur?
In the outer part of the oviduct
What is the result of alcohol consumption during pregnancy?
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
What is the term for the process of moving food from the mouth to the stomach through muscular contractions?
Peristalsis
What is the purpose of the placenta?
To provide nutrients and oxygen to the embryo, while removing waste
What is the term for the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse?
Infertility
During exhalation, what happens to the rib cage?
It moves downwards and inwards
What is the term for the process of cell division and growth during which the embryo develops into a fetus?
Gestation
What is the purpose of the umbilical cord?
To facilitate the exchange of nutrients and oxygen between the embryo and the placenta
What is the term for the period of time during which the embryo develops into a fetus?
Gestation
What is the primary function of the heart in the respiratory system?
To pump oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What is the purpose of the alveoli in the lungs?
To facilitate the exchange of gases between the air and the blood
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
It contracts and flattens
What is the term for the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Diffusion
What is the function of the intercostal muscles during inhalation?
To contract and expand the rib cage
What is the primary function of the capillaries in the lungs?
To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood
What is the purpose of the bronchi and bronchioles in the lungs?
To distribute air throughout the lungs
What is the result of the diaphragm relaxing during exhalation?
The thoracic volume decreases and air is drawn into the lungs
What is the primary function of the oxygen in the blood?
To provide energy for the body's cells
What is the role of the haemoglobin molecules in the blood?
To bind oxygen and transport it to the body's cells
What is the purpose of the right ventricle in the circulatory system?
To pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What is an indicator of fitness in the circulatory system?
Lower resting heart rate
What is the primary function of proteins in the diet?
To build and repair body cells and tissues
Which of the following is a healthy source of fat?
Olive oil
What is the function of vitamin C in the body?
To keep skin and gums healthy and boost the immune system
What is the primary source of minerals in the diet?
Fruits and vegetables
What is the function of the lungs in the circulatory system?
To facilitate the exchange of gases
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
To supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove carbon dioxide and waste products
What is the purpose of carbohydrates in the diet?
To provide energy for the body
What is the primary function of fibre in the diet?
To aid in digestion and prevent constipation
What is the main function of fibre in the human body?
To maintain regular bowel movements and prevent constipation
What is the primary function of the stomach in the digestive system?
To continue the process of mechanical digestion through muscular contractions
What is the term for the process of moving food through the alimentary canal?
Peristalsis
What is the main function of the small intestine in the digestive system?
To absorb nutrients from food into the bloodstream
What is the main component of table salt?
Sodium
What is the term for the process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and transported to the body's cells?
Digestion
What is the primary function of water in the human body?
To facilitate chemical reactions in cells
What is the term for the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach?
Oesophagus
What is the main function of the large intestine in the digestive system?
To absorb water and salts from the remaining indigestible food matter
What is the term for the process of taking food into the body through the mouth by eating or drinking?
Ingestion
What is the primary purpose of the reproductive system?
to ensure the continuation of the species through sexual reproduction
What is the role of ovaries in the female reproductive system?
to produce ova and release them during ovulation
Which part of the female reproductive system is responsible for fertilization?
fallopian tubes
What is the function of the testes in the male reproductive system?
to produce sperm cells and testosterone
What is the name of the muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus?
uterus
What is the purpose of the vagina in the female reproductive system?
to serve as the passage through which menstrual blood leaves the body
What connects the ovaries to the uterus in the female reproductive system?
fallopian tubes
What is the role of estrogen and progesterone in the female reproductive system?
to regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy
What is the primary purpose of puberty?
To develop the reproductive organs and produce gametes
Which hormone is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?
Testosterone
What is the function of the ovaries in females during puberty?
To produce oestrogen
What is the role of the pituitary gland in initiating puberty?
To release hormones that stimulate the gonads
What is the primary function of the testes in males?
To produce testosterone
What is the result of increased oestrogen levels in females during puberty?
Widening of the hips and development of a more rounded body shape
What is the function of the scrotum in males?
To regulate body temperature for sperm production
What is the term for the onset of menstruation in females?
Menstruation
What is the primary function of hormones during puberty?
To initiate puberty by stimulating the gonads
What is the term for the physical changes that occur during puberty?
Secondary sexual characteristics
What is the main function of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
To regulate temperature for sperm production
What occurs during ovulation in the female reproductive system?
A mature egg is released from the ovary
What is the main function of the vas deferens in the male reproductive system?
To transport mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
What is the result of fertilization in the reproductive system?
A sperm cell combines with an egg cell to form a zygote
What is the main function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
To store and mature sperm
What is a common cause of infertility in both males and females?
Both A and B
What is a serious health consequence of untreated sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
All of the above
What is the main function of the urethra in the male reproductive system?
To transport semen during ejaculation
What is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus?
Endometriosis
What is the main function of the prostate gland in the male reproductive system?
To produce fluids that make up semen
What is the primary function of the scrotum?
To regulate the temperature of the testes
What is the role of the sperm duct, or vas deferens?
To transport mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
What is the function of the urethra?
To carry both urine and semen, but not at the same time
What is the primary function of the vagina?
To serve as a receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse, a pathway for menstrual blood to leave the body, and a birth canal during childbirth
What happens to oxygen in the alveoli during inhalation?
It diffuses from the alveoli into the blood
What is the role of the uterus?
To house and nourish a fertilized egg until it develops into a fetus
What is the function of the intercostal muscles during inhalation?
They contract and expand the rib cage
What is the function of the ovaries?
To produce female sex hormones and store and release eggs
What is the role of the oviducts, or Fallopian tubes?
To connect the ovaries to the uterus and allow the egg to travel through
What is the term for the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Diffusion
What is the function of the bronchi and bronchioles?
To distribute air throughout the lungs
What is the stage of the reproductive cycle when the uterine lining sheds and is expelled from the body?
Menstruation
What is the stage of the reproductive cycle when a mature egg is released from the ovary?
Ovulation
What is the structure that surrounds each alveolus?
A dense network of capillaries
What is the purpose of the uterine lining thickening during the reproductive cycle?
To prepare for potential pregnancy
What happens to carbon dioxide during exhalation?
It is expelled from the lungs
What is the function of the diaphragm during inhalation?
It contracts and flattens, creating a vacuum that pulls air into the lungs
What is the term for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood?
Gaseous exchange
What is the function of the heart in the respiratory system?
To pump oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What is the adaptation that increases the surface area for gaseous exchange in the lungs?
All of the above
What is the result of a sperm successfully penetrating the egg?
The egg's surface changes to prevent additional sperm from entering
How long does a human pregnancy typically last?
40 weeks
What is the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse called?
Infertility
What is the term for the condition resulting from alcohol consumption during pregnancy?
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome
During inhalation, what happens to the rib cage and diaphragm?
The rib cage moves upwards and outwards, and the diaphragm contracts
What is the pathway of air during inhalation?
Mouth and nose, then pharynx and larynx, then trachea, then bronchi, then lungs
What is the function of the placenta in the embryo's development?
To provide nutrients and oxygen to the embryo, and remove waste
What is the term for the process of the uterus contracting to push the fetus's head into the vagina during birth?
Labor
What is the structure that connects the embryo to the placenta, facilitating the exchange of substances?
Umbilical cord
What is the site of gas exchange in the lungs?
Alveoli
What is the primary function of gaseous exchange in the body?
To supply cells with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Which of the following is a result of problems with gaseous exchange?
Severe health issues such as asthma and emphysema
What is the correct pathway of blood circulation from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle
What is the function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
To connect arteries and veins, facilitating gas exchange
What is the by-product of cellular respiration in the mitochondria?
Carbon dioxide
Which of the following is a characteristic of arteries?
Strong, muscular walls
What is the function of veins in the circulatory system?
To transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart
What is the term for the process of breaking down waste materials in cells?
Phagocytosis
What is the primary function of the heart in the circulatory system?
To pump blood throughout the body
What is the term for the process of supplying cells with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide?
Gaseous exchange
What is the primary function of fibre in the digestive system?
To help maintain regular bowel movements and prevent constipation
What is the percentage of water in the human body?
More than 50%
Which chamber of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
Right Ventricle
What is an indicator of better cardiovascular fitness?
Lower resting heart rate
What is the name of the process that involves the physical breakdown of food?
Mechanical digestion
What is the primary energy source for the body?
Carbohydrates
What is the primary function of the alimentary canal?
To facilitate the digestion and absorption of food
What is the term for the movement of food through the alimentary canal?
Peristalsis
Which of the following is a healthy fat source?
Sardines
What is the primary function of the small intestine?
To facilitate the digestion and absorption of nutrients
What is the function of vitamin D in the body?
Builds strong bones and teeth
What is the term for the process of identifying the types of food molecules present in different foods?
Testing food
Which mineral is essential for strong bones and teeth?
Calcium
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
To supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove carbon dioxide and waste products
What is the term for the health issues directly related to diet?
Health problems related to diet
What is the primary function of the stomach in the digestive system?
To continue the process of mechanical digestion through muscular contractions
What is the result of efficient circulation and respiration?
Maintaining homeostasis
What is the main component of a healthy diet?
Foods from all seven essential groups
What is the term for the process of taking food into the body through the mouth?
Ingestion
What is the importance of fibre in the diet?
Is a non-digestible carbohydrate
What are compounds made up of?
Two or more different kinds of atoms
What is a molecule?
A cluster of atoms bonded together in a specific manner
What is a formula unit?
The smallest repeating unit of a crystal lattice
What is an element?
A substance made up of only one kind of atom
What is a diatomic molecule?
A molecule with two atoms of the same element bonded together
What is the characteristic of the atoms in a compound?
They are combined in a fixed ratio
What is the difference between water and hydrogen peroxide?
Water has a fixed ratio of 2 hydrogen atoms to 1 oxygen atom, while hydrogen peroxide has a fixed ratio of 2 hydrogen atoms to 2 oxygen atoms
What is the significance of the fixed ratio of atoms in a compound?
It gives the compound its unique properties
Which of the following alkali metals reacts explosively with water?
Potassium
What is the name of the system developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) for naming compounds?
IUPAC Naming System
What is the suffix used to indicate the presence of a non-metal in a compound?
-ide
What is the term for the process of assigning a unique name to each compound?
Nomenclature
What is the correct name of the compound CO?
Carbon monoxide
What is the rule for naming compounds containing only non-metals?
The element further to the left on the Periodic Table is named first
What is the correct formula for the compound lithium fluoride?
LiF
What is the term for the compounds containing a metal and a non-metal?
Ionic compounds
What is the correct name of the compound N₂O₄?
Dinitrogen tetroxide
What is the purpose of the IUPAC Naming System?
To standardize the names of compounds
What is the force that holds atoms together in a molecule or compound?
Bond
What is the level of representation that involves imagining or visualizing the particles that make up substances?
Submicroscopic Level
What is the level of representation that uses chemical symbols and formulae to represent substances and the changes they undergo during chemical reactions?
Symbolic Level
What is the term for a process in which substances are transformed into different substances through the breaking and forming of bonds?
Chemical Reaction
What is the term for a substance that undergoes change during a chemical reaction?
Reactant
What is the term for a substance that is formed as a result of a chemical reaction?
Product
What is the representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulae?
Chemical Equation
What is the level of representation that involves observing substances and their changes with our senses?
Macroscopic Level
What is the term for the process of moving between the three levels of representation to understand and describe chemical reactions?
Connecting the Levels
What is the equation that represents the reaction between hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂) to form water (H₂O)?
2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
What is the purpose of chemical bonds in a compound?
To attract and bind atoms together
What is the significance of the subscript in a chemical formula?
It indicates the number of each type of atom
What is the arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table?
In order of increasing atomic number
What is the characteristic of metals in the Periodic Table?
They are shiny, ductile, malleable, and usually solids at room temperature
What is the purpose of the chemical symbol in the Periodic Table?
To represent a unique abbreviation of the element's name
What is the characteristic of non-metals in the Periodic Table?
They are usually gases at room temperature
What is the term for the grouping of elements in the Periodic Table?
Groups
What is the significance of the atomic number in the Periodic Table?
It indicates the number of protons in an atom
What is the characteristic of semi-metals in the Periodic Table?
They have properties of both metals and non-metals
What is the purpose of the Periodic Table?
To organize elements in a systematic way based on their atomic number
What is the purpose of a coefficient in a chemical equation?
To indicate the number of molecules or atoms involved
What is the purpose of a subscript in a chemical formula?
To indicate the number of atoms of each element in a molecule
What is the key component of a chemical reaction?
Reactants and products
What is the purpose of a word equation?
To represent a chemical reaction using the names of reactants and products
What is the purpose of a balanced equation?
To accurately represent the conservation of mass
What is the purpose of a picture equation?
To visually represent the reactants and products
What is the term for the process of making a chemical equation accurate?
Balancing
What is the term for the rusting of iron?
Rust
What is the purpose of a chemical formula?
To represent a substance using symbols for its constituent elements
What is the term for the dulling or discoloration of metal due to a chemical reaction?
Tarnish
What is the primary reactant in the formation of rust?
Iron
Which of the following environments accelerates the rusting process?
Moist environments
What is the purpose of galvanization in protecting iron and steel from rust?
To create a protective barrier
What is the result of rust formation on metal structures?
Degraded structural integrity
Which of the following is a method of protecting iron and steel from rust?
Applying a coating
What is the purpose of alloying in protecting iron and steel from rust?
To create a rust-resistant metal
Which of the following is an example of a corrosive environment?
Oceanfront
What is the result of rust formation on the appearance of metal objects?
Degraded appearance
Which of the following is a method of preventing rust on iron and steel?
Applying a layer of chromium
What is the primary function of coatings in protecting iron and steel from rust?
To provide a protective barrier
What is the product of the combustion reaction of iron?
Iron(III) oxide
What is the purpose of fine steel threads in the combustion reaction of iron?
To increase the surface area
What is the characteristic of the combustion reaction of magnesium?
It produces a bright white flame
What is the reactant in the combustion reaction of magnesium?
Magnesium metal
What is a balanced equation?
An equation where the number and type of atoms are the same on both sides
What is the product of the combustion reaction of magnesium?
Magnesium oxide
What is the energy release observed during the combustion reaction of magnesium?
Both heat and light
What is the rule for balancing chemical equations?
Change only the coefficients in front of chemical formulas
What is the significance of magnesium powder in early camera flashes?
It was used to produce a brief burst of bright light
What is combustion?
A type of chemical reaction where a substance combines with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of light and heat
What is the purpose of the demonstration of burning iron in air?
To show the energy released during combustion
What is the representation of the reaction of magnesium with oxygen in chemical equation form?
2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO
What is the term for the reaction of metals with oxygen?
Oxidation
What is observed when steel wool is spun and burned?
Orange sparks
What is the term for a chemical reaction expressed in words?
Word equation
What is the reaction of iron with oxygen called?
Combustion
What is the term for the type of chemical reaction where a substance combines with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of light and heat?
Combustion
What is the purpose of using steel wool in the demonstration of burning iron in air?
To provide a large surface area for combustion
What is observed when iron shavings are placed in the flame of a Bunsen burner?
Orange sparks
What is the term for the process of burning a substance in air?
Combustion
What is the general word equation for the reaction of metals with oxygen?
metal + oxygen → metal oxide
What is the chemical equation for the reaction of magnesium with oxygen?
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
What is the term for the gradual destruction of materials, usually metals, by chemical reaction with their environment?
Corrosion
What is the chemical formula for iron oxide?
Fe2O3
What is the general chemical equation for Group 2 metals reacting with oxygen?
2M + O2 → 2MO
What is the term for the flaky, crusty, reddish-brown product that forms on iron when it reacts with oxygen in the air?
Rust
What is the term for the process of moving food from the mouth to the stomach through muscular contractions?
Peristalsis
What is the chemical equation for the reaction of iron with oxygen?
4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3
What is the term for the alloy made primarily of iron and carbon?
Steel
What is the term for the materials or coatings that prevent or slow down the formation of rust?
Rust-resistant
What is the purpose of coating iron with chromium?
To prevent rust
What is the result of zinc reacting with oxygen?
Zinc oxide
What is the general word equation for the reaction of non-metals with oxygen?
Non-metal + oxygen → non-metal oxide
What is the product of the reaction between carbon and oxygen?
Carbon dioxide
What is the term for the chemical reaction where a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light?
Combustion
What is the purpose of galvanising iron with zinc?
To make it more resistant to corrosion
What is the result of sulfur reacting with oxygen?
Sulfur dioxide
What is the purpose of using galvanised products in construction?
To increase their durability and rust resistance
What is the effect of moisture on the rusting process?
It accelerates the rusting process
What is the result of phosphorus reacting with oxygen?
Phosphorus pentoxide
What is the product of the reaction between carbon and oxygen?
Carbon dioxide
What is the type of reaction that occurs when carbon burns in the presence of oxygen?
Combustion reaction
What is the term for a compound formed when a non-metal reacts with oxygen?
Non-metal oxide
What is the reaction between sulfur and oxygen?
Sulfur + oxygen → sulfur dioxide
Why is the combustion of sulfur not typically demonstrated in classrooms?
Because it produces a toxic gas
What is the significance of the combustion of carbon?
It is a source of energy
What is the byproduct of the combustion of carbon that has implications for global climate change?
Carbon dioxide
What is the term for a chemical reaction where a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light?
Combustion reaction
What is the type of reaction that occurs when sulfur burns in oxygen?
Combustion reaction
What is the term for a substance that can cause harm to living organisms?
Toxic
What is the product of the reaction between sulfur and oxygen?
Sulfur dioxide
What is the purpose of using sulfur dioxide in wine production?
To preserve the quality of the wine
What is the name of the compound formed when phosphorus reacts with oxygen?
Phosphorus pentoxide
What is the systematic name of the compound H2O?
Dihydrogen monoxide
What is the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen?
Hydrogen + oxygen → water
What is the term for the type of oxide where the non-metal is combined with two oxygen atoms?
Dioxide
What is the purpose of sulfur dioxide in dried fruits?
To preserve the fruits by preventing bacterial growth
What is the chemical equation for the reaction between sulfur and oxygen?
S + O2 → SO2
What is the toxicity of sulfur dioxide?
It is toxic and can cause respiratory problems
What is the reaction between carbon and oxygen?
Carbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide
What is a molecule?
A cluster of atoms bonded together in a specific manner
What is a formula unit?
The smallest repeating unit of a compound
What is an element?
A substance made up of only one kind of atom
What is a diatomic molecule?
A molecule made up of two atoms of the same element
What is characteristic of the atoms in a compound?
They combine in a fixed ratio
What is the composition of a water molecule?
Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
What is an example of a compound that forms a crystal lattice?
Sodium chloride (table salt)
What gives a compound its unique properties?
The ratio of atoms it is made of
What is the force that holds atoms together in a molecule or compound?
Bond
What level of representation involves imagining or visualizing the particles that make up substances?
Submicroscopic Level
What do chemical formulas represent?
The composition of a compound
What is the level of representation that uses chemical symbols and formulae to represent substances and the changes they undergo during chemical reactions?
Symbolic Level
What is the purpose of the Periodic Table?
To organize elements in order of increasing atomic number
What is a substance that undergoes change during a chemical reaction?
Reactant
How are the elements arranged in the Periodic Table?
In order of increasing atomic number
What is the term for the one or two-letter abbreviation of an element's name?
Chemical symbol
What is a process in which substances are transformed into different substances through the breaking and forming of bonds?
Chemical Reaction
What do the subscripts in a chemical formula indicate?
The number of each type of atom in a molecule
What level of representation can be observed with the naked eye?
Macroscopic Level
What is the main difference between metals, non-metals, and semi-metals?
Their properties
What is a substance that is formed as a result of a chemical reaction?
Product
What is the equation that represents the reaction between hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂) to form water (H₂O)?
2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
Who proposed the original version of the Periodic Table?
Dmitri Mendeleev
What is the term for a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulae?
Chemical Equation
What is the term for the vertical columns in the Periodic Table?
Groups
What is the function of chemical bonds in compounds?
To hold atoms together
What is the purpose of a coefficient in a chemical equation?
To indicate the number of molecules or atoms involved in a reaction
What are the three levels of representation that scientists use to understand and describe chemical reactions?
Macroscopic, Submicroscopic, and Symbolic
What is the difference between a reactant and a product?
Reactants are present before the reaction, while products are formed as a result of the reaction
What is the definition of a compound?
A substance with a unique name and chemical formula
What is the purpose of a subscript in a chemical formula?
To indicate the number of atoms of an element in a molecule
What is a word equation?
A representation of a chemical reaction using the names of the reactants and products
What is the purpose of balancing a chemical equation?
To accurately represent the conservation of mass
What is the term for the process of making a chemical equation balance?
Balancing
What is the term for a chemical formula that represents a substance?
Chemical formula
What is the term for the process of a metal reacting with oxygen to form an oxide?
Rusting
What is the purpose of a picture equation?
To visually represent the reactants and products using submicroscopic diagrams
What is the term for the number of atoms of each element that is the same on both sides of a balanced equation?
Conservation of mass
What is a characteristic of alkali metals?
They are soft and have a dull-gray appearance.
What is the product of the reaction between lithium and water?
Lithium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
What is the naming system used to standardize the names of compounds?
IUPAC
What is the rule for naming compounds containing only non-metals?
The element further to the left on the Periodic Table is named first.
What is the name of the compound with the formula CO₂?
Carbon dioxide
What is the name of the compound with the formula LiF?
Lithium fluoride
What is the name of the compound with the formula FeS?
Iron sulfide
What is the suffix used to name compounds containing a non-metal?
-ide
What is the prefix used to indicate the number of atoms in a compound?
All of the above
What is the name of the compound with the formula N₂O₄?
Dinitrogen tetroxide
What is a balanced equation?
An equation where the number and type of atoms are the same on both the reactant and product sides
What is the purpose of balancing a chemical equation?
To ensure the number and type of atoms are the same on both the reactant and product sides
What is combustion?
A type of chemical reaction where a substance combines with oxygen, releasing energy
What is the purpose of changing coefficients in balancing a chemical equation?
To modify the numbers in front of chemical formulas to balance the equation
What is the rule for balancing chemical equations regarding subscripts?
Subscripts in chemical formulas must not be altered
What is the result of burning iron or steel wool in air?
The iron or steel wool combines with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of light and heat
What is the primary function of steel wool in demonstrations of combustion?
To provide a large surface area for combustion to occur
What is observed when iron shavings are placed in a Bunsen burner flame?
The iron shavings burn with visible sparks
What is the term for a type of chemical reaction where a substance combines with oxygen, releasing energy?
Combustion
What is the purpose of spinning steel wool during combustion demonstrations?
To create interesting visual effects with orange sparks
What is the product of the combustion reaction of iron?
Iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃)
What increases the surface area for the combustion reaction of iron, making it more noticeable?
Fine steel threads
What is released during the combustion reaction of iron?
Energy and light
What is the product of the combustion reaction of magnesium?
Magnesium oxide (MgO)
What is the term for the device used to produce a brief burst of bright light to illuminate a subject in photography?
Camera flash
What is the term for the process of moving food from the mouth to the stomach through muscular contractions?
Peristalsis
What is the common representation of the reaction of magnesium with oxygen?
Macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic
What is the term for the grouping of similar cells working together to perform a specific function?
Tissue
What is the term for the type of organism composed of many cells that specialize and work together?
Multicellular organism
What is the purpose of the demonstration of burning magnesium in air?
To show the combustion reaction
What is the term for the substances that start a chemical reaction?
Reactants
What is the general word equation for the reaction of metals with oxygen?
Metal + oxygen → metal oxide
What is the purpose of coating iron with chromium?
To prevent rust
What is the formula for the oxide of a Group 1 metal?
M2O
What is the term for the flaky, crusty, reddish-brown product that forms on iron when it reacts with oxygen in the air?
Rust
What is the reaction between zinc and oxygen called?
Oxidation
What is the purpose of galvanising iron with zinc?
To prevent rust
What is the chemical formula for iron oxide?
Fe2O3
What accelerates rusting?
Moist or corrosive environments
What is the term for the gradual destruction of materials, usually metals, by chemical reaction with their environment?
Corrosion
What is the general reaction between a non-metal and oxygen?
Non-metal + oxygen → non-metal oxide
What is the term for the substances that can cause corrosion?
Corrosive
What is the purpose of coefficients in a chemical equation?
To balance the equation
What is the product of the reaction between carbon and oxygen?
Carbon dioxide
What is the term for the picture that represents the particles involved in a chemical reaction?
Picture equation
What is the term for the chemical reaction where a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light?
Combustion
What is the purpose of galvanised products?
To provide corrosion resistance
What is the general chemical equation for the reaction of Group 2 metals with oxygen?
2M + O2 → 2MO
What is the reaction between sulfur and oxygen?
Sulfur + oxygen → sulfur dioxide
What is the reaction between phosphorus and oxygen?
Phosphorus + oxygen → phosphorus pentoxide
What is the product of the reaction between carbon and oxygen?
Carbon dioxide
What is the term for a chemical reaction where a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light?
Combustion
What is the byproduct of the combustion of sulfur?
Sulfur dioxide
Why is the combustion of carbon significant?
It releases a significant amount of energy
What is the term for a compound formed when a non-metal reacts with oxygen?
Non-metal oxide
What is the significance of understanding the combustion of carbon?
It helps us appreciate both its benefits and its environmental impact
What is the reactant in the combustion of carbon?
Carbon
What is the importance of the combustion of carbon in power stations?
It generates electricity
What is the product of the reaction between sulfur and oxygen?
Sulfur dioxide
What is the term for a substance that can cause harm to living organisms?
Toxic
What is the product of the reaction between sulfur and oxygen?
Sulfur dioxide
What is the purpose of using sulfur dioxide as a preservative in dried fruits?
To prevent bacterial growth
What is the chemical equation for the reaction between phosphorus and oxygen?
4P + 5O2 → 2P2O5
What is the name of the oxide formed when hydrogen reacts with oxygen?
Dihydrogen oxide
What is the purpose of using sulfur dioxide in wine production?
To preserve the quality of the wine
What is the type of oxide formed when a non-metal reacts with oxygen?
Non-metal oxide
What is the name of the oxide formed when carbon reacts with oxygen?
Carbon dioxide
What is the toxic nature of sulfur dioxide?
It is highly toxic
What is the health risk associated with exposure to sulfur dioxide?
Respiratory problems
What is the systematic name of the oxide formed when phosphorus reacts with oxygen?
Phosphorus pentoxide
What is the primary component of rust?
Hydrated iron oxide
What accelerates the rusting process in coastal areas?
Saltwater
Why is steel used in construction?
It is strong
What is the purpose of galvanization?
To provide a protective barrier and sacrificial anode
What is the common problem with rust?
It is detrimental to the functionality and longevity of metal structures
What is the purpose of coatings in preventing rust?
To prevent moisture and oxygen from reaching the metal surface
What is the result of iron or steel coming into contact with oxygen?
Formation of iron oxide
What is the purpose of chromium coating?
To provide a protective barrier
Why are materials like wood or aluminum preferred in corrosive environments?
They do not rust
What is the purpose of alloying in preventing rust?
To mix iron with other elements to create rust-resistant alloys
What is the term used to describe the measurement of acidity or basicity?
pH value
What type of equations are used to represent the reaction between non-metals and oxygen?
Word equations, picture equations, and chemical equations
What is the purpose of using systematic names for non-metal oxides?
To ensure consistency and clarity in naming
What is the importance of balancing chemical equations?
To reflect the conservation of mass
What is the role of indicators in acid-base chemistry?
To show whether a solution is acidic or basic
Why is it important to understand the reactions of non-metals with oxygen?
Because they provide insights into the behavior and properties of different elements and compounds
What is the characteristic of acids that can be detected by touch?
They feel rough between your fingers
Which of the following is an example of a base?
Bicarbonate of soda
What is the product of the reaction between an acid and a metal oxide?
Salt and water
What is the pH range of strong acids?
pH 1-3
What is the characteristic of metal oxides when dissolved in water?
pH > 7
What is the term for the reaction between an acid and a base to form a neutral solution?
Neutralization reaction
What is the general equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal oxide?
acid + metal oxide → salt + water
What is the purpose of a universal indicator?
To measure the pH of a solution
What is the pH of a neutral substance?
pH 7
What occurs when an acid reacts with a metal hydroxide?
A salt and water are formed
What is the impact of acid rain on the environment?
It damages plant life and acidifies water sources
What is the result of mixing an acid and a base?
The neutralization of the acid and base
What is the general equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal hydroxide?
acid + metal hydroxide → salt + water
What is the characteristic of non-metal oxides when dissolved in water?
pH < 7
What is the term for the scale that measures the acidity or basicity of a substance?
pH scale
What is the general equation for the reaction between an acid and a base?
acid + base → salt + water
What is formed when sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid?
Sodium chloride and water
What is the first step in writing a reaction equation?
Identify the reactants
What is the purpose of indicators in measuring pH?
To measure the pH of a solution
What is the product of the reaction between CO₂ and H₂O?
H₂CO₃
What occurs when an acid reacts with a metal carbonate?
A salt, water, and carbon dioxide are formed
What is the characteristic of bases that can be detected by touch?
They feel slippery between your fingers
What is the safety precaution when handling common laboratory acids?
Wearing protective gear and handling them with care
What is the general equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal carbonate?
acid + metal carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide
What is the equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium oxide?
2HCl + MgO → MgCl₂ + H₂O
What is an example of a metal carbonate?
Calcium carbonate
What is the term for the grouping of similar cells working together to perform a specific function?
Tissue
What is produced when calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid?
Calcium chloride and water and carbon dioxide
What is the purpose of universal indicator paper in an acid-base reaction?
To measure the pH of the resulting solution
What is formed when an acid reacts with a base?
A salt and water
What is the primary focus of a pharmacist?
Application of medications in healthcare
What is the main difference between a pharmacist and a chemist?
Focus of work
Where do pharmacists typically work?
Pharmacies, hospitals, and clinics
What is a key role of a pharmacist?
Dispensing medications to patients
What is a unique aspect of a pharmacist's education?
Doctoral degree in pharmacy
What is the main component of shells of marine organisms?
Calcium carbonate
What is the purpose of adding agricultural lime to soil?
To neutralize acidic soil and provide calcium for plant growth
What is the product of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium?
Magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas
What is the role of a chemist?
To conduct research, develop new products, analyze substances, and study chemical reactions
What is the characteristic sound of hydrogen gas when exposed to a flame?
A characteristic 'pop' sound
What is the general equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal?
Acid + metal → salt + hydrogen gas
What is the purpose of the gas collection apparatus in the investigation of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium?
To collect the gas produced during the reaction
What is the term for the process of adding lime to soil to increase its pH and provide a source of calcium?
Liming
What is the product of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium in terms of chemical formula?
MgCl2 and H2
What is the role of calcium carbonate in construction?
As a building material
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