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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of the Nuclear Lamina?
What is the purpose of the Nuclear Lamina?
What is the primary function of DNA in a cell?
What is the primary function of DNA in a cell?
What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
What is the process that separates certain organelles from whole cells?
What is the process that separates certain organelles from whole cells?
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What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus?
What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus?
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What is the functional group for Carbohydrates?
What is the functional group for Carbohydrates?
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Who observed dead plant cells and discovered and called them cells for the first time?
Who observed dead plant cells and discovered and called them cells for the first time?
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What is the role of Clathrin in the cell?
What is the role of Clathrin in the cell?
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What is the primary function of Mitochondria?
What is the primary function of Mitochondria?
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What is the reason water acts as an excellent solvent?
What is the reason water acts as an excellent solvent?
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Study Notes
Cell Biology
- The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all living organisms.
- Examples of cells: Lactobacillus bacterium (3-5 μm, anaerobic), nerve cell (neuron) (100 μm, aerobic), and egg frog (1 mm, big).
- The cell's genome is the entire collection of genetic information.
Discovery of Cells
- The invention of the light microscope led to the discovery of cells.
- Robert Hooke observed dead plant cells and discovered and called them cells for the first time.
- Van Leeuwenhoek observed live cells (Protozoa).
- Schleiden & Schwann put the Cell Theory.
Cellular Components
- Cytosol: the liquid inside the cell.
- Cytoplasm: the cytosol + organelle and other internal components.
- Nucleolus: a darkly stained structure found inside the nucleus.
- Nuclear Lamina: provides support to the nuclear envelope and defines the shape of the nucleus.
- Nucleosomes: the basic unit of the eukaryotic chromosome structure.
- Ribosomes: make proteins from amino acids.
Cellular Processes
- Dehydration: releases water molecules to form polymers.
- Hydrolysis: adds water molecules to break down polymers into monomers.
- Water acts as an excellent solvent due to hydrogen bonds.
Centrifugation
- Separates cellular components based on size and density:
- Whole cells, Nuclei, and Cytoskeletons: low speed
- Mitochondria, Lysosomes, and Peroxisomes: medium speed
- Microsomes and Small Vesicles: high speed
- Ribosomes, Viruses, and Large Macromolecules: very high speed
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- The site where most cell membrane components are made.
- ER is continuous with the membrane of the outer nuclear envelope.
- Smooth ER in muscles is called Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.
- Materials are transported between RER and SER through vesicles.
Golgi Apparatus
- The post office of the cell.
- The site of further protein modification.
- Golgi apparatus pathways: RER -> Cis Golgi -> Median Golgi -> Trans Golgi -> Secretory Vesicles.
- Clathrin: protein molecules form basket-like cages to shape membranes into vesicles.
Mitochondria
- The powerhouse of the cell.
- Cellular Respiration: the process of using oxygen to release energy from digested food.
- Glycolysis: the breakdown of glucose into two smaller molecules of pyruvate.
- Fermentations: produced when organic molecules are broken down.
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Description
This quiz covers the basic structure and function of cells, including their characteristics and types, such as bacteria, nerve cells, and egg cells.
