Questions and Answers
All cells arise from pre-existing ______.
cells
The ______ is a flexible outer boundary that regulates what enters and exits the cell.
plasma membrane
The control center of the cell, containing ______, is known as the nucleus.
DNA
______ is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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The ______ pump is an example of primary active transport.
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Osmosis refers to the diffusion of ______ across a selectively permeable membrane.
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Facilitated diffusion involves the movement of molecules across the membrane via ______.
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Vesicular transport is used for the transport of large particles and ______ across membranes.
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The ______ system includes the skin and sweat glands, protecting the body and regulating temperature.
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The ______ connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels.
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Organs are made up of different types of ______ that work together to perform specific functions.
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The ______ system is responsible for transferring oxygen from the inhaled air to the blood.
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Metabolism includes ______, which refers to the breakdown of complex substances into simpler components.
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The ______ system consists of glands that regulate body activities by releasing hormones.
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The ______ generates action potentials to regulate body activities and includes the brain and spinal cord.
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An organism is any living thing considered as a ______.
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The ______ plane passes through the midline of an organ and divides it into equal right and left halves.
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The ______ plane does not pass through the midline but divides an organ into unequal halves.
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The ______ plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
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The ______ plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
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The ______ cavity contains the brain and is formed by cranial bones.
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The ______ cavity surrounds the heart.
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The ______ cavity extends from the diaphragm to the groin.
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The ______ includes the bony part of the head that protects the brain.
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Endocytosis is the process of taking substances into the cell via ______.
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The ______ is responsible for ATP production through cellular respiration.
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Ribosomes are the sites of ______ synthesis.
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The ______ modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion.
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During the G1 Phase of the cell cycle, the cell experiences growth and normal ______.
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Exocytosis involves the expulsion of substances from the cell via ______.
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Microtubules are part of the ______, which provides structural support and aids in cell movement.
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During metaphase, chromosomes align in the ______ of the cell.
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The human body is composed of four primary tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and ______ tissues.
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Epithelial tissue is characterized by closely packed cells with minimal ______ material.
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Simple squamous epithelium is found in the alveoli of lungs, allowing for gas ______.
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Dense connective tissue contains densely packed ______ fibers, found in tendons and ligaments.
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Adipose tissue serves as a fat-storing tissue, providing insulation and ______ storage.
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Loose connective tissue is made up of a gel-like matrix with ______ and elastic fibers.
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Simple columnar epithelium is found in the digestive tract, aiding in absorption and ______.
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Cartilage has a firm but flexible matrix, providing support and ______.
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Study Notes
Tissue Types
- Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands.
- Connective tissue connects, supports, protects organs, and distributes blood vessels to tissues.
- Muscular tissue contracts for movement and heat generation.
- Nervous tissue transmits information through nerve impulses.
Organs and Systems
- An organ consists of different tissue types joined for specific functions and recognizable shapes (e.g., stomach, skin, heart).
- A system is a group of related organs functioning together.
Major Organ Systems
- Integumentary system: Protects body, regulates temperature (includes skin, hair, nails).
- Skeletal system: Supports and protects body (composed of bones and joints).
- Muscular system: Enables movement (consists of skeletal muscle tissue).
- Nervous system: Regulates body activities through nerve impulses (includes brain, spinal cord).
- Endocrine system: Regulates functions by hormone secretion (composed of hormone-producing glands).
- Cardiovascular system: Pumps blood, carries nutrients (includes heart, blood vessels).
- Lymphatic system: Returns proteins and fluids to blood (involves lymphatic fluids and vessels).
- Respiratory system: Facilitates gas exchange (includes lungs).
- Digestive system: Breaks down food both physically and chemically (GIT).
- Urinary system: Produces and eliminates urine, excretes waste (includes kidneys, bladder).
- Reproductive system: Produces gametes (includes testes and ovaries).
Characteristics of Living Human Organism
- Organization: Interrelationships among components enabling function.
- Metabolism: Utilization of energy for vital functions (catabolism = breakdown, anabolism = building).
Anatomical Planes
- Mid-sagittal Plane: Splits the body into equal right and left halves.
- Parasagittal Plane: Divides body into unequal right and left sections.
- Frontal Plane (Coronal): Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
- Transverse Plane (Horizontal): Cuts body into superior and inferior sections.
- Oblique Plane: Angled cut between transverse and sagittal or frontal planes.
Body Cavities
- Cranial cavity: Houses the brain.
- Vertebral canal: Contains the spinal cord.
- Thoracic cavity: Encloses ribs and heart.
- Pleural cavity: Surrounds lungs.
- Pericardial cavity: Encloses heart.
- Mediastinum: Central thoracic compartment between lungs.
- Abdominopelvic cavity: Extends from diaphragm to groin, encircles abdominal wall and pelvis.
- Abdominal cavity: Contains digestive organs (stomach, liver, intestines).
- Pelvic cavity: Houses urinary bladder, reproductive organs.
Cell Structure and Function
- Cells: Basic structural unit of the body; involve metabolism, communication, energy production.
- Cell Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer with proteins; selective barrier for transport.
- Types of Transport:
- Passive Transport: Movement without energy (e.g., diffusion, osmosis).
- Active Transport: Requires energy to move substances (e.g., sodium-potassium pump).
- Vesicular Transport: Involves large particles (e.g., endocytosis and exocytosis).
Organelles and Their Functions
- Nucleus: Contains DNA, regulates activities.
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum:
- Rough ER: Protein synthesis; has ribosomes.
- Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis and detoxification.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
- Mitochondria: ATP production via cellular respiration.
- Lysosomes: Digestive enzymes for waste breakdown.
- Peroxisomes: Enzymes for detoxification.
- Cytoskeleton: Provides structure and aids in cell movement.
- Centrioles: Organize microtubules for cell division.
- Cilia and Flagella: Assist in cell movement.
Cell Cycle
- Series of events for cell growth and division.
- Interphase: Cell growth (G1), DNA replication (S), preparation for mitosis (G2).
- Mitosis: Division of nucleus (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase).
- Cytokinesis: Division of cytoplasm into daughter cells.
Tissue Physiology
- Epithelial Tissue:
- Characteristics: Tightly packed, avascular, regenerative.
- Functions: Protection, absorption, secretion.
- Connective Tissue:
- Characteristics: Diverse, abundant extracellular matrix, vascular.
- Functions: Support, protection, transportation.
Examples of Tissue Types
- Simple Squamous Epithelium: Alveoli in lungs for gas exchange.
- Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Skin protection.
- Adipose Tissue: Energy storage and insulation.
- Dense Connective Tissue: Tendons and ligaments providing strength.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell biology concepts with this quiz. Explore key terms and processes related to the structure and function of cells, including the nucleus, diffusion, and active transport mechanisms. Perfect for students studying cell biology.
