666 Questions
What is the function of chlorophyll?
To capture light energy and enable photosynthesis
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
To convert solar energy into chemical energy
What is the fluid-filled space surrounding thylakoids called?
Stroma
What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?
To store nutrients, waste products, and other substances
What percentage of the cell's volume can the central vacuole occupy?
90%
What is the main component of the plant cell wall?
Cellulose
What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
Photosynthesis
What does the cell wall provide to plant cells?
Protection, support, and regulation of substance entry and exit
What is the pigment responsible for absorbing light energy in chloroplasts?
Chlorophyll
Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in chloroplasts?
Thylakoids
What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?
To provide structural support and protection
Which of the following organisms also have cell walls?
Bacteria and fungi
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
Photosynthesis
What type of polysaccharide provides rigidity and strength to the plant cell wall?
Cellulose
Which organelle is responsible for regulating the entry and exit of substances in plant cells?
Cell wall
What is the main difference between the cell walls of bacteria and those of plants?
Composition
Which of the following is NOT a function of the plant cell wall?
Photosynthesis
What is the name of the pigment responsible for absorbing light energy in chloroplasts?
Chlorophyll
Which of the following organelles is NOT found in animal cells?
Chloroplast
What is the purpose of thylakoids in chloroplasts?
Conducting light-dependent reactions
What is the primary function of the cell wall in plant cells?
To provide structural support and protection
Where do the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place?
Stroma
Which of the following is NOT a function of vacuoles?
Synthesizing proteins
What is the main component of the cell sap?
Water
What is the purpose of thylakoids being stacked into grana?
To increase the surface area for light absorption
What is the primary role of chloroplasts in plant cells?
To convert solar energy into chemical energy
What is the primary form of energy storage in plant cells?
Starch
What type of microscope is suitable for viewing live cells and tissues?
Light Microscope
What is the purpose of the diaphragm in a light microscope?
To control the amount of light reaching the specimen
What is the term for the process by which cells within an organism specialize to perform distinct functions?
Differentiation
What type of cell is capable of dividing and differentiating into various specialized cells?
Stem cell
What is the name of the technique used to prepare specimens for microscopic observation by placing a drop of liquid on the slide?
Wet mount
What is the purpose of staining in microscopic observation?
To enhance contrast and allow for better visualization of structures
What type of microscope uses beams of electrons for higher magnification and resolution?
Electron Microscope
What is the platform where the slide is placed in a light microscope?
Stage
What is the term for the process of observing cells under a microscope?
Microscopy
What is the primary function of adult stem cells?
To maintain and repair tissues
What is the characteristic of unicellular organisms?
They are composed of a single cell
What is the hierarchy of organization in multicellular organisms?
Cells, tissues, organs, systems
What is the primary function of the large intestine (colon) in the digestive system?
To absorb water and salts from the remaining indigestible food matter
What is the term for the removal of undigested or unwanted particles from the body as feces?
Egestion
What is the function of the epithelial tissue?
To protect the body from external damage
What is the purpose of the digestive system?
To break down food into small particles
What is the function of beneficial bacteria in the colon?
To produce certain vitamins like Vitamin K and some B vitamins
What is the term for open sores that develop on the lining of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, or upper small intestine?
Ulcers
What is the function of the small intestine?
To absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
What is the function of the esophagus?
To move food from the mouth to the stomach
What is the main function of the circulatory system?
To transport oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove carbon dioxide and waste products
What is the function of the heart in the circulatory system?
To pump blood through the body and regulate body temperature
What is the function of gastric juices in the stomach?
To break down proteins and fats into smaller molecules
What is the purpose of observing cells under a microscope?
To gain insight into the complexity and efficiency of living organisms
What is the term for the pathway where blood circulates between the heart and the lungs?
Pulmonary Circulation
What is the function of veins in the circulatory system?
To carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
What is the purpose of labeling and drawing observations of cells?
To identify the different organelles and structures
What is the function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
To exchange gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues
What is the function of arteries in the circulatory system?
To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues of the body
What is the main function of vacuoles in plant cells?
To aid in the detoxification process
What is the primary difference between the shape of plant cells and animal cells?
Plant cells are rectangular, while animal cells are irregularly shaped
What is the function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?
To allow communication and transport between adjacent plant cells
Which organelle is responsible for breaking down waste materials in plant cells?
Vacuole
What is the role of centrioles in animal cells?
To facilitate cell division
What is the primary function of peroxisomes in both plant and animal cells?
To detoxify harmful substances
What is the main difference between the function of lysosomes in plant cells and animal cells?
Lysosomes are present in animal cells but not in plant cells
What is the effect on the plant cell when the vacuole absorbs water and expands?
The cell becomes turgid and the plant stands upright
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
To deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove waste products
What is the main consequence of high blood pressure?
Stroke, kidney failure, and other serious health problems
What is the function of the pharynx in the respiratory system?
To conduct air from the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus
What is the purpose of the alveoli in the respiratory system?
To facilitate the diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood
What is the name of the muscle responsible for facilitating breathing?
Diaphragm
What is the term for the process of inhaling air into the lungs?
Inspiration
What is the primary function of the trachea in the respiratory system?
To conduct air from the pharynx to the bronchi
What is the consequence of a heart attack?
Damage to the heart muscle
What is the term for the blockage of a blood vessel in the brain?
Stroke
What is the primary function of the circulatory and respiratory systems combined?
To oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide
What is the role of taste buds on the tongue?
To detect different flavors
What happens when blood flow to the brain is interrupted?
Severe and often irreversible consequences
What is the function of the hypothalamus in the brain?
To regulate body temperature
What can result from damage to the brain or spinal cord?
Severe and often irreversible consequences
What is the primary function of the kidneys in the excretory system?
To filter blood and remove waste products
What is an example of a degenerative disorder?
Alzheimer's disease
What is the name of the tube that connects the bladder to the exterior of the body?
Urethra
What can impair the ability to process sensory information?
Damage to sensory receptors or nerves
What is the term for the process of reabsorbing essential substances back into the bloodstream?
Reabsorption
What can cause significant damage to the brain?
Substance abuse
What is the name of the condition where the kidneys lose their ability to filter blood effectively?
Kidney failure
Why is understanding the nervous system's structure and function important?
To appreciate how our bodies interact with the environment and maintain internal balance
What is the name of the infection that occurs when bacteria enter the bladder and cause inflammation?
Bladder infection (Cystitis)
What is the term for the hard deposits of minerals and salts that form in the kidneys?
Kidney stones
What is the term for the inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys?
Glomerulonephritis
What is the name of the process by which the bladder expels urine through the urethra?
Urination
What is the name of the muscular tubes that transport urine from each kidney to the bladder?
Ureter
What is the term for the functional units of the kidneys?
Nephrons
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
To transmit nerve impulses between different parts of the body
What is the primary function of neurons in the nervous system?
To transmit electrical impulses
What is the role of sensory organs in the nervous system?
To detect external stimuli and send information to the brain
What is the term for the gaps between neurons?
Synapses
What is the result of damage to the brain or spinal cord from accidents or injuries?
Loss of function, such as paralysis or cognitive impairments
Which sensory organ detects airborne chemicals and enables the sense of smell?
Nose
What is the purpose of the excretory system?
To remove metabolic waste products from the body
What is the function of the spinal cord?
To transmit signals between the brain and the rest of the body
What is the rapid, involuntary response to stimuli in the nervous system?
Reflex action
What is the name of the genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys?
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)
What is the function of the brain in the nervous system?
To transmit signals to and from the rest of the body
What is the result of a stroke in the nervous system?
Brain cells die due to lack of oxygen
What is the function of sensory organs in the nervous system?
To collect information from the environment and send it to the central nervous system for processing
What are the components of the excretory system responsible for?
Removing metabolic waste products from the body
What is the role of the central nervous system (CNS) in the nervous system?
To process information and send out motor commands
What is the function of nerves in the nervous system?
To transmit signals to and from the brain and spinal cord
What is the result of degenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, in the nervous system?
Progressive loss of neural function
What is the term for the process of sending and receiving impulses in the nervous system?
Sending and Receiving Impulses
What is the function of the excretory system?
To filter waste from the blood and excrete it
What is the importance of understanding the nervous system's structure, function, and related health issues?
To appreciate its vital role in maintaining overall health and well-being
What occurs when the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward?
The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases
Where does gaseous exchange occur in the respiratory system?
In the alveoli
What is the primary function of cellular respiration?
To convert glucose into ATP
What is a common trigger for asthma?
Exercise
What is the purpose of the nervous system?
To transmit nerve impulses throughout the body
What is the central organ of the nervous system?
The brain
What is the function of neurons in the nervous system?
To transmit electrical impulses throughout the body
What is tuberculosis?
A bacterial infection that affects the lungs
What is bronchitis?
The inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes
Why is it important to understand the respiratory system's structure, function, and related health issues?
To promote overall well-being
What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells that helps maintain the plant's structure?
Maintaining turgor pressure
Which of the following organelles is more prominent in plant cells than in animal cells?
Vacuoles
What is the primary function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?
Enabling intercellular communication
Which of the following is a key difference between plant and animal cells in terms of shape and structure?
Shape and flexibility of the cell
What is the function of lysosomes in animal cells that is often performed by vacuoles in plant cells?
Breaking down waste materials
Which of the following organelles is found in both plant and animal cells?
Peroxisomes
What happens to plant cells when their vacuoles lose water?
The cells become flaccid
Which of the following is a function of vacuoles in plant cells that is not performed by lysosomes in animal cells?
Maintaining turgor pressure
What is the primary function of peroxisomes in plant cells that is not present in animal cells?
Glyoxylate cycle
What type of microscope is suitable for viewing the ultrastructure of cells and tissues?
Electron Microscope
What is the term for the process by which cells within an organism specialize to perform distinct functions?
Differentiation
What is the name of the technique used to prepare specimens for microscopic observation by placing a drop of liquid on the slide?
Wet Mount
What is the purpose of staining in microscopic observation?
To improve the contrast of the specimen
What is the platform where the slide is placed in a light microscope?
Stage
What type of cells are capable of dividing and differentiating into various specialized cells?
Stem Cells
What is the primary form of energy storage in plant cells?
Starch
What is the term for the process of observing cells under a microscope?
Microscopy
What is the primary function of embryonic stem cells?
To become any cell type in the body
What is the primary function of adult stem cells in tissues?
To perform tissue maintenance and repair
What is the characteristic of unicellular organisms?
They consist of a single cell that performs all life functions
What is the hierarchy of organization in multicellular organisms?
Cells, tissues, systems, organs, organism
What is the purpose of the digestive system?
To break down food into small particles for absorption
What is the function of gastric juices in the stomach?
To break down food using enzymes and acids
What is the function of the esophagus in the digestive system?
To move chewed food from the mouth to the stomach
What is the primary function of the small intestine in the digestive system?
To absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
What is the term for the process of observing cells under a microscope?
Microscopy
What is the characteristic of multicellular organisms?
They are composed of many cells that specialize and work together
What is the function of the epithelial tissue in multicellular organisms?
To form a barrier against external substances
What is the primary function of the rectum in the digestive system?
To store feces until they are expelled through the anus
What is the term for the process of breaking down large food pieces into smaller particles that can be absorbed?
Digestion
What is the term for the removal of undigested or unwanted particles from the body as feces?
Egestion
What is the primary function of beneficial bacteria in the colon?
To produce certain vitamins like Vitamin K and some B vitamins
What is the term for the disease that gradually replaces healthy liver tissue with scar tissue, impairing liver function?
Liver Cirrhosis
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
To transport oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove carbon dioxide and waste products
What is the term for the pathway of blood circulation between the heart and the lungs?
Pulmonary Circulation
What is the function of the heart in the circulatory system?
To pump blood through the body
What is the term for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues?
Diffusion in capillaries
What is the largest artery in the circulatory system?
Aorta
What is the primary function of the diaphragm during inhalation?
To contract and move downward
Which of the following health issues is characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways?
Asthma
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
To transmit nerve impulses between different parts of the body
What is the primary function of the nephrons in the kidneys?
To filter blood and reabsorb essential substances
Which of the following is NOT a function of the ureters?
To filter blood to remove waste products
What is the term for the process by which oxygen is used to convert glucose and other nutrients into ATP?
Cellular Respiration
What is the primary function of the brain?
To process sensory information
What is the term for the inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys?
Glomerulonephritis
What is the purpose of the renal pelvis in the excretory system?
To collect urine from the collecting ducts
What is the term for the inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes?
Bronchitis
Which of the following is a cause of kidney failure?
All of the above
What is the primary function of the spinal cord?
To transmit neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body
What is the term for the process of reabsorbing essential substances back into the bloodstream?
Reabsorption
What is the term for the disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis
What is the primary function of neurons in the nervous system?
To transmit electrical impulses throughout the body
What is the name of the tubes that connect the bladder to the exterior of the body?
Urethra
What is the term for the hard deposits of minerals and salts that form in the kidneys?
Kidney stones
What is the primary function of the intercostal muscles during exhalation?
To contract and move upward
What is the purpose of the muscular walls of the ureters?
To propel urine downward through peristalsis
What is the term for the treatment option for kidney failure that artificially filters the blood?
Dialysis
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
To deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove waste products
What is the term for the passageway that serves as a common pathway for both air and food?
Pharynx
What is the consequence of a heart attack?
The affected heart muscle can be damaged or die, potentially leading to heart failure or death
What is the purpose of the alveoli in the lungs?
To facilitate the exchange of gases between the body and the environment
What is the consequence of a stroke?
Brain cells begin to die within minutes, which can result in loss of function controlled by the affected brain area
What is the function of the diaphragm in breathing?
To contract and relax to change the volume of the thoracic cavity, allowing air to flow in and out of the lungs
What is the term for the process of exchanging gases between the body and the environment?
Respiration
What is the consequence of high blood pressure?
It can lead to heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and other serious health problems
What is the function of the trachea in the respiratory system?
To conduct air from the pharynx to the bronchi
What is the purpose of the bronchi in the respiratory system?
To distribute air throughout the lungs
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
To transmit nerve impulses between different parts of the body
Which component of the nervous system is responsible for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body?
Nerves
What is the term for the gaps between neurons across which neurotransmitters travel?
Synapses
What is the primary function of the spinal cord?
To transmit signals between the brain and the rest of the body
What is the term for the process by which neurons send and receive messages through electrical impulses?
Sending and receiving impulses
Which sense organ is responsible for detecting light and enabling vision?
Eyes
What is the genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys?
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)
What is the primary way to support the excretory system's health?
Regular hydration, a balanced diet, and avoiding harmful substances
What is the symptom of PKD that leads to kidney failure over time?
Enlargement of the kidneys due to cyst growth
What is the purpose of the central nervous system?
To transmit and interpret nerve impulses
What is the primary function of sensory organs in the nervous system?
To detect external stimuli and send information to the brain for interpretation
What is the name of the pathway that bypasses the brain and directly connects sensory neurons to motor neurons in the spinal cord?
Reflex arc
What is the term for the process by which the nervous system regulates various body functions to maintain homeostasis?
Neuroregulation
What is the primary function of the excretory system?
To remove metabolic waste products generated by the body's cells
What is the term for the rapid, involuntary responses to stimuli that occur via neural pathways called reflex arcs?
Reflex actions
What is the name of the structure that carries electrical impulses from the neuron to the synapse?
Axon
What is the term for the communication between neurons using chemical neurotransmitters?
Synaptic transmission
What is the primary function of the central nervous system (CNS)?
To process information and send out motor commands
What is the name of the disorder that causes progressive loss of neural function, leading to memory loss, movement difficulties, and impaired cognitive abilities?
Alzheimer's disease
What is the term for the removal of waste products from the body as feces?
Excretion
Which of the following senses is most closely linked to the olfactory receptors in the nose?
Smell
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain?
Regulating body temperature
What is a common consequence of trauma or injuries to the brain or spinal cord?
Severe and often irreversible consequences, including paralysis
What is a type of degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognition?
Alzheimer's disease
What is a common effect of substance abuse on the brain?
Significant damage to the brain
What is a common consequence of sensory organ problems?
Impaired ability to process sensory information
What is a key aspect of maintaining a healthy nervous system?
Avoiding injuries and managing stress
Which of the following health issues is NOT directly related to the nervous system?
Inflammation of the small intestine
What is the primary form of energy storage in plant cells?
Starch
What type of microscope is suitable for viewing live cells and tissues?
Light Microscope
What is the term for the process by which cells within an organism specialize to perform distinct functions?
Differentiation
What type of cell is capable of dividing and differentiating into various specialized cells?
Stem Cell
What is the purpose of the diaphragm in a light microscope?
To control the amount of light reaching the specimen
What is the purpose of staining in microscopic observation?
To enhance contrast and allow for better visualization of structures
What type of microscope uses beams of electrons for higher magnification and resolution?
Electron Microscope
What is the platform where the slide is placed in a light microscope?
Stage
What is the name of the technique used to prepare specimens for microscopic observation by placing a drop of liquid on the slide?
Wet Mount
What is the primary function of peroxisomes in plant cells?
To participate in the glyoxylate cycle
What is the main function of the nervous system?
To transmit and process information
What is the term for rapid, involuntary responses to stimuli?
Reflex actions
What is the purpose of the excretory system?
To remove waste products from the body
What is the function of sensory organs?
To detect external stimuli and send information to the brain for interpretation
What is the effect of substance abuse on the nervous system?
It can cause irreversible brain damage, memory loss, and mental health problems
What is the function of neurotransmitters?
To carry signals from one neuron to the next
What is the term for the electrical signal that travels along the axon?
Action potential
What is the function of the central nervous system (CNS)?
To process information and send out motor commands
What is the function of motor neurons?
To carry motor commands from the CNS to muscles and glands
What is the term for the connection between two neurons?
Synapse
Which sense helps us detect sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami flavors?
Tasting
What is the function of olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity?
To detect airborne chemicals
What can occur as a result of damage to the brain or spinal cord?
Severe and often irreversible consequences
What can cause permanent damage and loss of function in parts of the body controlled by the affected brain area?
Stroke
What are examples of degenerative disorders that affect the nervous system?
Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Multiple Sclerosis
What can impair the ability to process sensory information?
Sensory organ problems
What can cause significant damage to the brain?
Substance abuse
Why is understanding the nervous system's structure and function crucial?
To appreciate how our bodies interact with the environment and maintain internal balance
What is the main function of vacuoles in plant cells?
To provide support and maintain turgor pressure
What is the main difference in shape between plant and animal cells?
Plant cells are rectangular, while animal cells are irregular
What is the function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?
To facilitate communication and transport between adjacent cells
Which organelle is involved in detoxification in both plant and animal cells?
Peroxisomes
What is the function of centrioles in animal cells?
To organize the mitotic spindle during cell division
What is the function of lysosomes in animal cells?
To break down waste materials
In which type of cell are vacuoles often involved in detoxification?
Plant cells
What happens to plant cells when their vacuoles lose water?
They become flaccid
What is the main purpose of the circulatory system?
To oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide
Which of the following is a consequence of high blood pressure?
Heart failure or death
What occurs when a blood clot blocks one of the coronary arteries?
A heart attack
What is the purpose of the respiratory system?
To supply oxygen to the body's cells and remove carbon dioxide
What is the function of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?
To contract and relax to change the volume of the thoracic cavity
Which of the following is NOT a component of the respiratory system?
Liver
What is the main function of adult stem cells?
To maintain and repair tissues
What occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced?
A stroke
What is characteristic of unicellular organisms?
Consist of a single cell that performs all life functions
What is the purpose of the alveoli in the respiratory system?
To facilitate the diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood
What is the hierarchy of organization in multicellular organisms?
Cells, organs, tissues, systems, organisms
What is the term for the movement of air into and out of the lungs?
Ventilation
What is the consequence of brain cells dying due to a stroke?
Paralysis
What is the purpose of the digestive system?
To break down food into energy and nutrients
What is the function of the stomach in the digestive system?
To break down food into a semi-liquid substance
What is the function of the small intestine in the digestive system?
To absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
What is the function of the esophagus in the digestive system?
To move chewed food from the mouth to the stomach
What is the purpose of observing cells under a microscope?
To understand the complexity and efficiency of living organisms
What is the primary function of the large intestine (colon) in the digestive system?
Absorbing water and salts from the remaining indigestible food matter
What is the term for the process of observing cells under a microscope?
Microscopy
What is the purpose of staining in microscopic observation?
To enhance the contrast between different structures and organelles
What is the term for the process of removing undigested or unwanted particles from the body as feces?
Egestion
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
To filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances
What is the function of beneficial bacteria in the colon?
Producing certain vitamins like Vitamin K and some B vitamins
What is the name of the tube that connects the bladder to the exterior of the body?
Urethra
What is the main function of the circulatory system?
All of the above
What process occurs in the nephrons, where water, salts, glucose, amino acids, and waste products are filtered out of the blood?
Filtration
What is the function of the heart in the circulatory system?
Pumping blood throughout the body
What are the tiny blood vessels where the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products occurs between blood and tissues?
Capillaries
What is the name of the condition where the kidneys lose their ability to filter blood effectively?
Kidney failure
What is the purpose of the muscular walls in the ureters?
To propel urine downward through peristalsis
What is the pathway of blood circulation between the heart and the lungs?
Pulmonary circulation
What is the disease that gradually replaces healthy liver tissue with scar tissue, impairing liver function?
Liver Cirrhosis
What is the name of the process where essential substances are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream?
Reabsorption
What is the name of the inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys?
Glomerulonephritis
What is the eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, leading to severe food restriction and starvation?
Anorexia Nervosa
What are the open sores that develop on the lining of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, or upper small intestine?
Ulcers
What is the function of the bladder?
To store urine
What is the name of the network of capillaries where blood filtration begins?
Glomerulus
What is the term for the removal of waste products and excess substances from the body?
Excretion
What is a symptom of Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)?
High blood pressure
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
To coordinate the body's actions and sensory information
What part of the nervous system connects the central nervous system (CNS) to the limbs and organs?
Nerves
What is the function of the brain in the nervous system?
To control various functions, including thought, memory, and emotion
What is the function of sensory organs in the nervous system?
To collect information from the environment
What is the term for the process of sending and receiving impulses in the nervous system?
Neurotransmission
What is the function of the spinal cord in the nervous system?
To transmit signals to and from the brain
What is essential for supporting the health of the excretory system?
Regular hydration
What is a treatment goal for Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)?
To manage symptoms and slow disease progression
What is a symptom of kidney damage or disease?
Blood in the urine
What happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation?
It increases
Where does oxygen from inhaled air diffuse into?
Capillaries
What is the energy currency of cells produced during cellular respiration?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
What is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways?
Asthma
What is the central organ of the nervous system housed within the skull?
Brain
What transmits neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body?
Spinal cord
What are the basic functional units of the nervous system?
Neurons
What is the purpose of the nervous system?
To transmit nerve impulses between different parts of the body
What is the result of inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes?
Bronchitis
What is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis (TB)
What is the main function of the scrotum?
To regulate the temperature of the testes
What is the process in which a sperm cell combines with an egg cell?
Fertilization
What is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?
Urethra
What is the primary purpose of puberty?
To develop the reproductive organs and produce gametes
What triggers the start of puberty in humans?
The release of specific hormones by the pituitary gland
What is the condition in which tissue similar to the lining inside the uterus grows outside the uterus?
Endometriosis
What is the process in which an ovary releases a mature egg?
Ovulation
What is the main difference between primary and secondary sexual characteristics?
Primary characteristics are directly related to reproduction, while secondary characteristics are not
Which hormone is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?
Testosterone
What is the release of semen from the penis?
Ejaculation
What are infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact?
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
What is the role of the pituitary gland in puberty?
To release hormones that stimulate the gonads
What is the primary function of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
To regulate the temperature of the testes
What is the function of the ovaries in females?
To store egg cells (ova)
What is the purpose of the epididymis?
To store mature sperm
What is the process in which the lining of the uterus is shed through the vagina?
Menstruation
What is the function of the testes in males?
To produce sperm
What is the function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
To store and mature sperm
What is the result of the growth of the larynx during puberty in males?
The voice becomes deeper
What are ducts that transport mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra?
Vas Deferens
What is the function of the urethra in the male reproductive system?
To transport both urine and semen out of the body
What is the function of the vagina in the female reproductive system?
To serve as a receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse
What is the result of increased oestrogen levels in females during puberty?
The hips become wider
What is the function of the uterus in the female reproductive system?
To house and nourish a fertilized egg until it develops into a fetus
What is the result of increased testosterone levels in males during puberty?
The body becomes more muscular
What is the function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
To produce female sex hormones and store and release mature eggs
What is the function of the oviducts (Fallopian tubes) in the female reproductive system?
To connect the ovaries to the uterus and allow the egg to travel to the uterus
What is ovulation in the female reproductive cycle?
The release of a mature egg from one of the ovaries
What happens if an egg is not fertilized during the female reproductive cycle?
The uterine lining is shed and expelled from the body
What is the purpose of the reproductive cycle in females?
To prepare the body for pregnancy
What is the primary purpose of the reproductive system in humans and other eukaryotic organisms?
To ensure the continuation of the species through sexual reproduction
Which female reproductive organ is responsible for producing ova and releasing them during ovulation?
Ovaries
What is the function of the fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system?
To connect the ovaries to the uterus
What is the function of the testes in the male reproductive system?
To produce sperm cells and testosterone
Which of the following is NOT a part of the female reproductive system?
Testes
What is the function of the uterus in the female reproductive system?
To implant and develop a fertilized egg
What is the function of the vagina in the female reproductive system?
To receive the penis during sexual intercourse
What is the term for the process by which a fertilized egg develops into a fetus during pregnancy?
Gestation
What is the primary function of the alveoli?
To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
It contracts and flattens
What is the role of haemoglobin in the blood?
To transport oxygen from the lungs to the body
What is the function of the intercostal muscles?
To expand the rib cage during inhalation
What is the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveoli and the blood?
Diffusion
What is the structure that surrounds the alveoli and allows for efficient gas exchange?
Capillaries
What is the role of the heart in the respiratory system?
To pump oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What happens to the thoracic volume during inhalation?
It increases
What is the function of the bronchi and bronchioles?
To distribute air throughout the lungs
What is the result of the diaphragm relaxing and returning to its dome shape?
Air is pushed out of the lungs
What occurs during the journey of sperm after ejaculation?
The sperm swim through the cervix, into the uterus, and towards the oviducts
What is the result of a sperm successfully penetrating the egg?
The egg’s surface changes to prevent any additional sperm from entering
What is the purpose of the placenta during pregnancy?
To provide nutrients and oxygen to the embryo while removing waste
How long does human pregnancy typically last?
40 weeks
What is the result of consuming alcohol during pregnancy?
The baby will have lifelong physical, behavioral, and cognitive impairments
What is the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse?
Infertility
What is the process of breathing, or respiration, that involves two main stages?
Inhalation and exhalation
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
It contracts and flattens
What is the air pathway during inhalation?
Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
What is the function of alveoli in the lungs?
To facilitate gas exchange
What is the chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body?
Right Atrium
What is the term for the rate at which the heart beats when a person is at rest?
Resting Heart Rate
What is the primary energy source for the body?
Carbohydrates
Which of the following is a function of Fats and Oils in the body?
Protecting and insulating organs
What is the function of Vitamin A in the body?
Strengthening the immune system and aiding eyesight
What is the function of Calcium in the body?
Essential for strong bones and teeth
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
Supplying oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing carbon dioxide and waste products
What is the name of the process by which the body regulates its internal environment to maintain homeostasis?
Not mentioned in the content
What is the purpose of a balanced diet?
To maintain proper body function
What are the seven essential groups of nutrients that constitute a healthy diet?
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats and Oils, Vitamins, Minerals, Fibre, and Water
What is the primary function of fibre in the digestive system?
To maintain regular bowel movements and prevent constipation
What is the primary function of water in the human body?
To help blood carry nutrients and waste around the body
What is the main purpose of the starch test in food testing?
To identify the presence of starch
What is the primary function of the alimentary canal?
To digest and absorb food molecules
What is the function of the small intestine?
To absorb nutrients from digested food molecules
What is the primary function of the large intestine (colon)?
To absorb water and salts from the remaining indigestible food matter
What is the term for the series of muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal?
Peristalsis
What is the primary function of the stomach in the digestive system?
To continue the process of mechanical digestion through muscular contractions
What is the term for the removal of undigested or unwanted particles from the body as feces?
Defecation
What is the primary function of the oesophagus in the digestive system?
To move food from the mouth to the stomach through peristalsis
What is the main function of the capillaries in the circulatory system?
To facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and body cells
What is the primary function of oxygen in cellular respiration?
To release energy from glucose
What is the main function of the left atrium in the circulatory system?
To receive oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pump it into the left ventricle
What is the term for the process of gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries?
Gaseous exchange
What is the main function of the lungs in the respiratory system?
To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is the term for the waste product produced during cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide
What is the main function of the arteries in the circulatory system?
To transport blood away from the heart
What is the term for the process of transporting oxygen and nutrients to the body cells and removing waste products?
Circulation
What is the main function of the pulmonary veins in the circulatory system?
To receive oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and transport it to the left atrium
What is the term for the condition where the airways become inflamed and narrow, impeding airflow to the alveoli?
Asthma
What is the main function of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
To regulate the temperature of the testes
What is the purpose of the valve mechanism in the urethra?
To separate urine and semen during ejaculation
What is the function of the endometrium in the female reproductive system?
To thicken each month in preparation for potential pregnancy
What is the primary function of the oviducts (Fallopian tubes) in the female reproductive system?
To connect the ovaries to the uterus
What is the purpose of ovulation in the female reproductive cycle?
To release a mature egg from the ovary
What happens to the thickened uterine lining if the egg is not fertilized?
It is shed and expelled from the body
What is the function of the penis in the male reproductive system?
To deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract
What is the primary purpose of the reproductive system in humans and other eukaryotic organisms?
To ensure the continuation of the species through sexual reproduction
What is the purpose of the vagina in the female reproductive system?
To serve as the pathway for menstrual blood to leave the body
Which female reproductive organ is responsible for producing ova (egg cells) and releasing them during ovulation?
Ovaries
What is the function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
To store and mature sperm
What is the function of the fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system?
To connect the ovaries to the uterus
What is the purpose of the urethra in the male reproductive system?
To carry both urine and semen
Which male reproductive organ produces sperm cells and the male sex hormone testosterone?
Testes
What is the function of the uterus in the female reproductive system?
To nourish the fetus during pregnancy
What is the function of the vagina in the female reproductive system?
To serve as the birth canal
Which female sex hormone is produced by the ovaries and regulates the menstrual cycle?
Estrogen
What is the purpose of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
To house the testes
What is the primary function of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
To regulate the temperature of the testes
Which part of the male reproductive system is responsible for storing mature sperm?
Epididymis
What is the primary purpose of puberty?
To develop the reproductive organs and produce gametes
What is the process by which a sperm cell from the male combines with an egg cell from the female?
Fertilization
Which hormone is responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics?
Oestrogen
What is the term for the condition in which tissue similar to the lining inside the uterus grows outside the uterus?
Endometriosis
What is the primary function of the testes in males?
To produce sperm and the hormone testosterone
What is the purpose of the urethra in the male reproductive system?
To transport urine and semen
What is the term for the release of semen from the penis during sexual climax?
Ejaculation
What is the result of increased levels of testosterone in males during puberty?
Muscle growth and changes in the size and shape of bones
Which gland is responsible for initiating puberty by releasing hormones?
Pituitary gland
What is the term for the condition in which a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, causing birth defects in the unborn baby?
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome
What is the result of increased levels of oestrogen in females during puberty?
Widening of the hips and development of a more rounded body shape
What is the term for infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact?
STDs
What is the term for the process by which an ovary releases a mature egg?
Ovulation
What is the purpose of the scrotum in males?
To contain the testes and regulate their temperature
What is the result of the onset of the menstrual cycle in females during puberty?
The ability to ovulate and potentially conceive
What is the term for the shedding of the lining of the uterus through the vagina if fertilization does not occur?
Menstruation
What is the primary function of hormones in the human body during puberty?
To drive the physical and functional changes that occur during puberty
What is the result of the growth of pubic and underarm hair in both males and females during puberty?
The development of secondary sexual characteristics
Which of the following surfaces are moist, helping gases dissolve and diffuse more rapidly?
Inner surfaces of alveoli
What is the primary function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
Facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products
What is the result of carbon dioxide removal during gaseous exchange?
Carbon dioxide is expelled from the body
Which of the following health issues affects the alveoli?
All of the above
What is the main function of the alveoli in the lungs?
To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is the pathway of oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary veins to left atrium to left ventricle
What is the primary function of the left ventricle in the circulatory system?
Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta
What happens during inhalation in the breathing mechanism?
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles both contract
What is the primary role of the heart in the respiratory system?
To pump oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What is the characteristic of arteries in the circulatory system?
Carry oxygenated blood under high pressure
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in cellular respiration?
Combine oxygen with glucose to release energy
What is the term for the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Diffusion
What is the result of efficient gaseous exchange?
Cells receive adequate oxygen and expel carbon dioxide
What is the structure that allows for efficient gaseous exchange in the lungs?
Alveoli and capillaries
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
Support cellular respiration
What is the primary function of haemoglobin molecules in red blood cells?
To transport oxygen from the lungs to the body
What is the term for the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood?
Gaseous exchange
What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?
It relaxes and returns to its dome shape
What occurs when a sperm successfully penetrates the outer membrane of the egg?
The egg's surface changes to prevent additional sperm from entering.
What is the purpose of the placenta during pregnancy?
To provide nutrients and oxygen to the embryo
What is the primary role of the intercostal muscles in the breathing mechanism?
To expand and contract the rib cage
What is the duration of human pregnancy?
About 40 weeks
What is the advantage of the large surface area of the alveoli?
Increased diffusion of gases
What is the result of consuming alcohol during pregnancy?
Serious birth defects known as Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
What is the process by which the zygote begins to divide and grow as it travels down the oviduct?
Formation and implantation of the embryo
What is the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse?
Infertility
During which stage of breathing does the rib cage move upwards and outwards?
Inhalation
What are the tiny air sacs at the ends of the bronchioles?
Alveoli
What is the tube that connects the embryo to the placenta?
Umbilical cord
What is the condition that results in lifelong physical, behavioral, and cognitive impairments for the child?
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
What is the primary function of the right ventricle in the circulatory system?
To pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What is an indicator of better cardiovascular fitness and efficient heart function?
Lower resting heart rate
What is the primary energy source for the body?
Carbohydrates
What is the role of fibers in a healthy diet?
Non-digestible carbohydrates
What is the function of vitamin A in the body?
Strengthening the immune system and good for eyesight
What is the primary source of vitamins in a healthy diet?
Fruits and vegetables
What is the role of minerals in the body?
Necessary for various body functions and must be obtained through the diet
What is the importance of a healthy diet?
It helps to maintain proper body function and overall health
What is the function of the heart in the circulatory system?
To pump oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What is the importance of the circulatory and respiratory systems?
They are vital for maintaining homeostasis and overall health
What is the primary function of fibre in the human body?
To help maintain regular bowel movements and prevent constipation
What is the primary function of water in the human body?
To help blood carry nutrients and waste around the body
What is the term for the series of muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal?
Peristalsis
What is the primary function of the small intestine in the digestive system?
To facilitate the majority of digestion and nutrient absorption
What is the primary function of the stomach in the digestive system?
To secrete gastric juices containing enzymes and hydrochloric acid
What is the term for the process of transforming food into small molecules that can be absorbed and transported to the body's cells?
Digestion
What is the primary function of the large intestine (colon) in the digestive system?
To absorb water and salts from the remaining indigestible food matter
What is the primary function of enzymes in the digestive system?
To accelerate chemical reactions that break down food into smaller molecules
What is the term for the health issues directly related to diet?
Health problems related to diet
What is the primary function of the alimentary canal?
To digest and absorb food into the body
What is the primary purpose of the reproductive system?
To produce sex cells and ensure the continuation of the species
Which organ is responsible for producing ova in females?
Ovaries
What is the function of the fallopian tubes?
To connect the ovaries to the uterus
Where are the testes located in males?
In the scrotum
What is the function of the uterus?
To implant and develop a fertilized egg
Which hormone is produced by the ovaries?
Progesterone
What is the function of the vagina?
To connect the cervix to the outside of the body
What is the primary function of the male reproductive system?
To produce sex cells and ensure the continuation of the species
What is the primary function of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
To regulate the temperature of the testes
What is the process by which a mature egg is released from the ovary in the female reproductive system?
Ovulation
What is the term for the condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus?
Endometriosis
What are the ducts that transport mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra called?
Vas deferens
What is the process by which a sperm cell from the male combines with an egg cell from the female?
Fertilization
What is the condition in which a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, causing serious birth defects in the unborn baby?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
What is the term for infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact?
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
What is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body in males?
Urethra
What is the process by which the lining of the uterus is shed through the vagina if fertilization does not occur?
Menstruation
What is the term for the release of semen, which contains sperm, from the penis?
Ejaculation
What is the primary function of the scrotum?
To regulate the temperature of the testes
What is the name of the muscular tube that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra?
Vas deferens
What is the function of the foreskin?
To cover the head of the penis
Which component of the female reproductive system serves as the pathway for menstrual blood to leave the body?
Vagina
What is the name of the process by which the uterus prepares for potential pregnancy?
Menstruation
What is the function of the oviducts (Fallopian tubes)?
To connect the ovaries to the uterus
What is the primary function of the penis during sexual intercourse?
To deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract
What is the purpose of the valve mechanism in the urethra?
To separate urine and semen during ejaculation
What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
To store and release eggs
What is the primary purpose of puberty?
To develop the reproductive organs and produce gametes
What is the name of the process by which a mature egg is released from one of the ovaries?
Ovulation
Which hormone triggers the changes associated with puberty in girls?
Oestrogen
What is the main function of the pituitary gland in relation to puberty?
To release hormones that stimulate the sex organs
Which of the following is a primary sexual characteristic in females?
Menstruation
What is the role of testosterone in males?
To develop male secondary sexual characteristics
What is the function of the ovaries in females?
To produce oestrogen and store egg cells
Which of the following changes occurs in males during puberty?
Deepening of the voice
What is the role of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
To contain the testes
What is the purpose of the testes in the male reproductive system?
To produce testosterone and sperm
What is the result of the changes that occur during puberty?
The development of secondary sexual characteristics and the ability to reproduce
What happens to the egg's surface after a sperm penetrates it?
It changes to prevent additional sperm from entering
What is the function of the placenta during pregnancy?
It provides oxygen and nutrients to the embryo
What is the term for the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse?
Infertility
What is the purpose of the diaphragm during inhalation?
It contracts and flattens
What is the pathway of air during exhalation?
Lungs -> bronchioles -> bronchi -> trachea -> pharynx and larynx -> mouth and nose
What is the term for the tiny air sacs at the ends of the bronchioles?
Alveoli
What is the purpose of the umbilical cord?
It facilitates the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the embryo and the mother
How long does human pregnancy typically last?
40 weeks (9 months)
What is the term for the movement of the rib cage during inhalation?
Upwards and outwards
What is the purpose of the diaphragm during exhalation?
It relaxes and becomes dome-shaped
What is the primary function of the heart in the respiratory system?
To pump oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
It contracts and flattens
What is the main function of the alveoli in the lungs?
To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is the term for the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Diffusion
What is the main adaptation of the alveoli that increases the surface area for gaseous exchange?
Numerous alveoli
What happens to the intercostal muscles during inhalation?
They contract, expanding the rib cage
What is the function of the capillaries surrounding the alveoli?
To facilitate the exchange of gases
What happens to the oxygen in the alveoli during inhalation?
It diffuses from the alveoli into the blood
What is the term for the process of breathing out?
Exhalation
What is the primary adaptation that allows for efficient diffusion of gases in the lungs?
The thin walls of the alveoli and capillaries
What is the primary function of the rich blood supply surrounding alveoli?
To ensure a constant supply of blood for gas exchange
What is the process by which oxygen is used to convert glucose and other nutrients into energy in cells?
Cellular respiration
What is the name of the waste product produced during cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide
Which of the following is a health implication of problems with gaseous exchange?
Asthma
What is the function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
To connect arteries and veins, facilitating exchange between blood and body cells
What is the term for the pathway of oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary circulation
What is the function of the left ventricle in the heart?
To pump blood into the aorta
What is the term for the process of removing carbon dioxide from the body?
Carbon dioxide removal
What is the function of the alveoli in the lungs?
To facilitate gas exchange between the lungs and bloodstream
What is the importance of efficient gaseous exchange?
To maintain homeostasis
What is the primary function of fibre in the human body?
To maintain regular bowel movements and prevent constipation
What is the percentage of water composition in the human body?
More than 50%
What is the purpose of mechanical digestion in the mouth?
To physically break down food into smaller pieces
What is the role of the small intestine in the digestion process?
To break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
What is the term for the muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal?
Peristalsis
What is the primary function of the stomach in the digestion process?
To mix food with enzymes and hydrochloric acid
What is the primary function of the large intestine (colon)?
To absorb water and salts from indigestible food matter
What is the name of the process that transforms the food we eat into small molecules that can be absorbed and transported to the body's cells?
Digestion
What is the function of amylase in saliva?
To break down starch into simpler molecules
What is the outcome of poor dietary choices?
Obesity, malnutrition, and chronic diseases
Which of the following is NOT a component of a healthy diet?
Herbs
What is the primary function of the right ventricle in the circulatory system?
Pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What is the significance of a lower resting heart rate?
Good cardiovascular fitness
What is the primary source of vitamins in a healthy diet?
Fruits and Vegetables
What is the function of the lungs in the circulatory and respiratory systems?
Facilitating gaseous exchange
What is the role of minerals in the body?
Building strong bones and teeth
What is the significance of a significantly higher or lower resting heart rate?
Potential health issues that require medical attention
What is the purpose of the right atrium in the circulatory system?
Receiving deoxygenated blood from the body
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
Providing energy
What is the role of fats and oils in the body?
Protecting and insulating organs
Which part of the male reproductive system is responsible for regulating the temperature of the testes?
Scrotum
What is the process called when a sperm cell from the male combines with an egg cell from the female?
Fertilization
What is the term for the release of semen, which contains sperm, from the penis?
Ejaculation
What is the condition in which tissue similar to the lining inside the uterus grows outside the uterus?
Endometriosis
What is the duct that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation?
Vas Deferens
What is the process by which an ovary releases a mature egg?
Ovulation
What is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body in males?
Urethra
What is the coiled tube located at the back of each testis where sperm mature and are stored?
Epididymis
What is the condition that affects approximately 10% of heterosexual couples, making it difficult or impossible for them to conceive a child?
Infertility
What is the serious condition that occurs when a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, causing birth defects in the unborn baby?
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
What is the approximate temperature maintained by the scrotum for healthy sperm production?
35°C
Which valve mechanism ensures that urine does not mix with semen during ejaculation?
Urethral valve
What is the primary function of the vagina?
To serve as a receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse and as a pathway for menstrual blood
Which hormone is NOT produced by the ovaries?
Insulin
What is the process by which a mature egg is released from an ovary?
Ovulation
Which structure carries both urine from the bladder and semen from the reproductive tract?
Urethra
What is the purpose of the thickening of the uterine lining during the female reproductive cycle?
To prepare for potential implantation of a fertilized egg
Which of the following is NOT a stage of the female reproductive cycle?
Pregnancy
What is the pathway through which an egg travels after being released from an ovary?
Fallopian tube
What is the primary function of the epididymis?
To store and mature sperm
What is the primary purpose of the reproductive system in humans and other eukaryotic organisms?
to produce sex cells and ensure the continuation of the species through sexual reproduction
What is the role of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
to produce ova and release them during ovulation, and to produce female sex hormones
During which stage of the female reproductive cycle does fertilization typically occur?
within the fallopian tubes
What is the function of the uterus in the female reproductive system?
to provide a site for the implantation and development of a fertilized egg during pregnancy
What is the role of the testes in the male reproductive system?
to produce sperm cells and the male sex hormone testosterone
What is the function of the vagina in the female reproductive system?
to provide a passage for menstrual blood to leave the body, and to receive the penis during sexual intercourse
What is the purpose of the fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system?
to connect the ovaries to the uterus and facilitate the movement of the egg towards the uterus
What is the primary function of the female sex hormones produced by the ovaries?
to regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy
What is the primary function of the diaphragm during inhalation?
To contract and flatten, moving downwards
Where does fertilization occur in the human reproductive process?
In the oviducts
What is the name of the condition caused by consuming alcohol during pregnancy?
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome
What is the term for the process by which a sperm penetrates the outer membrane of the egg?
Penetration
What is the purpose of the placenta in the human reproductive process?
To provide nutrients and oxygen to the embryo
What is the approximate duration of human pregnancy?
40 weeks
What is the term for the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse?
Infertility
What is the primary function of puberty?
To produce gametes and develop reproductive organs
What is the pathway of air during inhalation?
Mouth → Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Lungs
What triggers the development of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty?
The release of hormones from the pituitary gland
What is the function of the umbilical cord?
To connect the embryo to the placenta
What is the term for the process of cell division and growth that occurs in the zygote?
Embryogenesis
What is the result of increased oestrogen levels in females during puberty?
Widening of the hips and development of a more rounded body shape
What is the primary function of testosterone in males during puberty?
Development of male secondary sexual characteristics and production of sperm
What is the main component of the male reproductive system?
Testes and scrotum
What is the role of the pituitary gland in initiating puberty?
Release of hormones that stimulate the gonads
What is the primary function of oestrogen in females during puberty?
Regulation of the menstrual cycle and development of female secondary sexual characteristics
What is the result of increased testosterone levels in males during puberty?
Muscle growth and changes in the size and shape of bones
What is the primary purpose of the reproductive system?
To ensure the continuation of the species
What is the result of the release of hormones from the pituitary gland during puberty?
Stimulation of the gonads to produce sex hormones
What is the primary function of the alveoli in the lungs?
To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood
What is the role of the diaphragm during inhalation?
It contracts and flattens, creating a vacuum that pulls air into the lungs
What is the purpose of the capillaries surrounding the alveoli?
To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood
What is the primary function of fiber in the digestive system?
To help maintain regular bowel movements and prevent constipation
What is the definition of diffusion in the context of the lungs?
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Which of the following is NOT a type of digestion?
Electrical digestion
What is the primary function of the heart in the respiratory system?
To pump oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What is the role of the intercostal muscles during inhalation?
They contract, expanding the rib cage
What is the function of the alimentary canal?
To digest and absorb food
What is the term for the exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood?
Gaseous exchange
What is the function of peristalsis in the digestive system?
To move food through the alimentary canal
What is the primary function of the small intestine?
To absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
What is the structure of the lungs that allows for efficient gaseous exchange?
Soft, pink, and spongy
What is the function of the large intestine (colon)?
To absorb water and salts from food
What is the purpose of the bronchi and bronchioles in the lungs?
To distribute air throughout the lungs
What is the function of stomach acid in the digestive system?
To kill bacteria and other pathogens
What is the term for the waste product of cellular respiration that is transported back to the lungs via the blood?
Carbon dioxide
What is the consequence of a poor diet?
All of the above
What is the function of water in the human body?
All of the above
What is the purpose of digestive enzymes?
To break down proteins and carbohydrates
What is the primary function of the moist inner surfaces of alveoli?
To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood
What is the purpose of the capillaries surrounding the alveoli?
To provide a constant supply of blood for gas exchange
What is the result of the oxygen uptake process in the gaseous exchange?
The formation of oxyhaemoglobin
Which of the following is a characteristic of a healthy diet?
Including foods from all seven essential groups
What is the consequence of impaired gaseous exchange in the lungs?
Severe health issues, such as asthma and emphysema
What is the pathway of oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary veins to the left atrium
What is the primary function of the right ventricle in the heart?
Pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What is the function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
To facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and body cells
Which of the following is an indicator of better cardiovascular fitness?
A lower resting heart rate
What is the by-product of cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide
What is the primary function of vitamins in the body?
Helping in various chemical reactions
What is the main function of the circulatory and respiratory systems?
To supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove carbon dioxide and waste products
What is the function of the left ventricle in the circulatory system?
To pump oxygenated blood into the aorta
Which of the following is a source of minerals?
All of the above
What is the purpose of the pulmonary veins in the circulatory system?
To transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
What is the result of the combination of oxygen and glucose in the mitochondria during cellular respiration?
The release of energy
What is the primary function of the right atrium in the heart?
Receiving deoxygenated blood from the body
What is the primary function of fats and oils in the body?
Protecting and insulating organs, and maintaining healthy hair and nails
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a healthy diet?
Consuming only proteins and carbohydrates
What is the primary function of the lungs in the circulatory and respiratory systems?
Facilitating the exchange of gases, with oxygen entering the blood and carbon dioxide being expelled
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