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What is the term for an increase in size of a cell or organ beyond normal?
What is the term for a decrease in size or degeneration in functionality due to loss of cells?
What is the term for the failure of a tissue or organ to develop?
What is the term for incomplete development or defective development of a tissue or organ?
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What is the process of taking dissolved materials into the substance of a cell?
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What is the supply of oxygen to the blood and removal of carbon dioxide from the blood?
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What is the function of the plasma membrane that involves the formation of cellular and subcellular compartments?
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What is the ability to change over a period of time in response to the environment?
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What is the function of sesamoid bones?
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What is the main function of the axial skeleton?
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Which type of bone is characterized by being thin and expanded in two dimensions?
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What is the main function of carpal and tarsal bones?
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What is the characteristic of pneumatic bones?
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What is the purpose of the appendicular skeleton?
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What is the function of irregular bones?
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What is the characteristic of short bones?
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What develops from the ruptured follicle in the metestrous phase?
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What is the primary function of progesterone in the diestrous phase?
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What is a common sign of heat in female cats?
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What is the lordosis response in female animals?
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Why is neutering often used in the agriculture industry?
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What is the term for neutering in female animals?
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What is a common behavior exhibited by female cows during heat?
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What is the primary purpose of neutering in animal management?
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What type of synapse is characterized by a mechanical and electrically conductive link between two neighboring neurons?
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Where are neurotransmitters stored in a chemical synapse?
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What is the direction of transmission in an electrical synapse?
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What type of synapse is characterized by the diffusion of neurotransmitter molecules across the synaptic cleft?
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What is the function of gap junctions in electrical synapses?
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What determines the amount of neurotransmitter released in a chemical synapse?
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What is the term for the small space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells in a chemical synapse?
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What type of synapse is found in smooth and cardiac muscle, CNS, and retina?
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What is the primary function of an action potential in a neuron?
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What is the role of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?
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What type of neurotransmission occurs at electrical synapses?
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What is the effect of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) on the postsynaptic neuron?
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What is the term for the process by which neuro-transmitters are released by the presynaptic neuron and bind to and activate the receptors of the postsynaptic neuron?
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What is the primary function of an action potential in a muscle cell?
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What is the term for the change in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic cell that increases the probability of an action potential in that cell?
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What is the term for the binding of neurotransmitters to receptors in the postsynaptic neuron?
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Study Notes
Organism Growth and Development
- Organisms grow by increasing in size in all parts, not just accumulating matter.
- Hypertrophy: an increase in size of a cell or organ beyond normal.
- Hypotrophy: a decrease in size or degeneration of a cell or organ due to loss of cells.
- Atrophy: a decrease in size due to disease, injury, or lack of use.
- Aplasia: failure of a tissue or organ to develop.
- Hypoplasia: incomplete or defective development of a tissue or organ.
Cellular Functions
- Adaptation: the ability to change over time in response to the environment.
- Reproduction: the ability to produce new individual organisms, either asexually or sexually.
- Secretion, Excretion, Absorption: the process of taking in dissolved materials into the substance of the cell.
- Respiration: the supply of oxygen to the blood and removal of carbon dioxide from the blood.
- Locomotion: movement from one location to another.
Cell Physiology
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function of the body.
- Cells are highly organized molecular factories with great diversity.
- Organ physiology is derived from complex functions of the cell.
- The three principal parts of a cell are:
- Plasma membrane: formation of cellular and subcellular compartments, maintenance of a stable intracellular milieu, regulation of intracellular metabolism, sensing and transduction of extracellular chemical signals, and propagation of electrical signals that conduct messages and regulate the transport of substances across the membrane.
- Cytoplasm: the region between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
- Nucleus: the control center of the cell where DNA is stored.
Bone Classification
- Long bones: classified into 5 groups, including femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, and ulna.
- Short bones: classified into 2 groups, including carpals and tarsals.
- Flat bones: thin and expanded in two dimensions, providing protection of vital organs and area for muscle attachment.
- Sesamoid bones: small, rounded bones embedded in tendons, modifying pressure and reducing friction.
- Pneumatic bones: hollow bones containing air spaces, lighter than more solid bones.
- Irregular bones: unpaired bones on the median plane with complicated shapes, providing protection and muscle attachment.
Axial Skeleton
- Includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.
- Protects delicate and vital organs, provides a base for muscle attachment, and supports sense organs.
- Forms passages for the beginning of the digestive and respiratory systems.
Appendicular Skeleton
- Includes the limb bones and their attachments.
- Appendages of the axial skeleton.
- Provides support and stability for the body.
Animal Behavior and Physiology
- Oestrous cycle: the reproductive cycle of females.
- Signs of heat: differing signs exhibited by different animals during heat, including blood-stained discharge, restlessness, and changes in appetite and body temperature.
Neutering of Animals
- Eliminates the reproduction process in animals.
- Used in agriculture to remove inferior genetics, improve meat quality, or aid in animal management.
- Two forms: castration (males) and spaying (females).
Neurophysiology
- Synapse: the gap between two neurons where signals are transmitted.
- Electrical synapse: a mechanical and electrically conductive link between two neurons, allowing impulse transmission in both directions.
- Chemical synapse: signals carried across the synaptic cleft between two neurons through the release and binding of neurotransmitters.
- Action potential: the electrical activity developed in an excitable cell when stimulated.
- Synaptic transmission: the process of neurotransmitter release and binding, essential for communication between neurons.
Neurotransmission
- Electrical neurotransmission: communication between two neurons at electrical synapses.
- Chemical neurotransmission: communication between two neurons at chemical synapses.
- Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP): a change in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic cell that increases the probability of an action potential in that cell.
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Description
Understand the concepts of growth, hypertrophy, hypotrophy, atrophy, and aplasia in cell development and tissue formation. Learn how cells and organs change in size and function in response to various factors.
