Biology Basics

Definition and Scope

• Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms
• It explores the structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy of all living things
• Biology encompasses various fields, including botany, zoology, microbiology, ecology, and biochemistry

Branches of Biology

• Botany: study of plants, including their structure, growth, evolution, and interactions with the environment
• Zoology: study of animals, including their structure, behavior, evolution, and interactions with the environment
• Microbiology: study of microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi
• Ecology: study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment
• Biochemistry: study of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms
• Molecular Biology: study of the structure and function of biological molecules, such as DNA and proteins
• Genetics: study of heredity, genes, and genetic variation
• Evolutionary Biology: study of the processes that have shaped the diversity of life on Earth

Basic Concepts

• Cell: the basic unit of life, consisting of a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material
• Organism: a living individual, consisting of one or more cells
• Population: a group of organisms of the same species living in a specific area
• Ecosystem: a community of organisms and their physical environment
• Biodiversity: the variety of different species, genes, and ecosystems
• Homeostasis: the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment

Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates: energy-rich molecules, such as sugars and starches
• Proteins: molecules composed of amino acids, performing various functions in the cell
• Nucleic Acids: molecules that contain the genetic information, such as DNA and RNA
• Lipids: molecules that provide energy and structure, such as fats and oils

Cell Biology

• Cell Membrane: a semi-permeable membrane that separates the cell from its environment
• Cell Wall: a rigid layer outside the cell membrane, providing support and protection
• Cytoplasm: the region inside the cell membrane, where metabolic processes take place
• Mitochondria: organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell
• Nucleus: the organelle that contains the genetic material