Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the base pair rules in RNA?
What are the base pair rules in RNA?
A-U and C-G
Which type of RNA carries information from DNA to the ribosome?
Which type of RNA carries information from DNA to the ribosome?
In mRNA editing, introns are ________ (cut out).
In mRNA editing, introns are ________ (cut out).
excised
Mutations refer to any change in DNA sequence.
Mutations refer to any change in DNA sequence.
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What is the function of the nervous system?
What is the function of the nervous system?
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Which type of cells lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus?
Which type of cells lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus?
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What organelle in a cell holds DNA and the nucleolus?
What organelle in a cell holds DNA and the nucleolus?
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Mitochondria is the site of cellular respiration where glucose is broken down to produce ATP.
Mitochondria is the site of cellular respiration where glucose is broken down to produce ATP.
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The _______________ complex is responsible for packaging in membrane and signaling for export.
The _______________ complex is responsible for packaging in membrane and signaling for export.
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Match the following cell organelles with their functions:
Match the following cell organelles with their functions:
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- Cells are the basic units of life, with two main types: prokaryotic (bacteria) and eukaryotic (all other living things)
- Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, have a single circular DNA molecule, and free ribosomes and a cell wall
- Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, multiple linear DNA molecules, and histones on DNA
Cell Organelles
- Nucleus: holds DNA and nucleolus, where ribosomal subunits are made
- Mitochondria: double membrane, site of cellular respiration, outer membrane is smooth, and inner membrane is folded with enzymes
- Ribosome: site of translation, protein synthesis, made of rRNA and protein
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): connected to nucleus, allows for reactions, membranous, smooth ER for lipids, and rough ER for proteins
- Golgi Complex: packaging in membrane and signals for export
- Cytoskeleton: microfilaments, microtubules, and centrioles; gives shape, movement, and support to the cell
- Vacuoles/Vesicles: storage of water and solutes
Cell Membrane
- Phospholipid bilayer: selectively permeable, amphipathic
- Fluid Mosaic Model: in motion, proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids among phospholipids
- Types of transport: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis
- Osmosis: diffusion of water using a selectively permeable membrane
Energy and Metabolism
- Energy: free energy is used for organization, growth, and reproduction
- First law of thermodynamics: energy is not created or destroyed, only converted
- Second law of thermodynamics: entropy increases, organization decreases
- Cellular Respiration: breaks down glucose, produces ATP, occurs in mitochondria, and involves glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
- Photosynthesis: captures free energy, uses water and carbon dioxide, produces glucose and oxygen, and occurs in chloroplasts
Cell Cycle
- Cell cycle: interphase, cell division, and cytokinesis
- Interphase: growth, synthesis of DNA, and preparation for mitosis
- Mitosis: duplicated chromosomes line up, spindle fibers pull them apart, and cytokinesis divides cytoplasm and reforms cell membrane
- Checkpoints: internal controls, external signals, and DNA damage
Molecular Genetics
- DNA structure: double helix, nucleotides, phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base, and antiparallel strands
- DNA replication: semi-conservative, bidirectional, and involves helicase, DNA polymerase, and ligase
- RNA: single stranded, ribose sugar, uracil instead of thymine, and base pair rules
- Transcription: making mRNA, involves RNA polymerase, and occurs in the nucleus
- mRNA editing: introns are excised, exons are spliced together, and a polyA tail and GTP cap are added
- Translation: mRNA code is read, matched with tRNA, and constructs a polypeptide using the ribosome
Mutations
- Any change in the DNA sequence, can be inheritable if in egg or sperm
- Point mutations: one nucleotide error, substitutions, insertions, or deletions
- Frame shift mutations: one or more bases deleted or inserted
- Silent mutations: substitution codes for the same amino acid or deletion/insertion is of three nucleotides
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Description
Test your knowledge of fundamental biology concepts, including RNA, DNA, mutations, and cell structure. Explore the basics of biology and molecular biology.
