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Questions and Answers
What is the study of microorganisms called?
What is the jelly-like substance inside a cell called?
What is the process of cell growth and reproduction called?
What is the mechanism of evolution that results in adaptation to the environment?
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What is the pattern of fossilization that provides evidence for evolution?
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What are organisms that produce energy through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis called?
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Study Notes
Branches of Biology
- Botany: study of plants
- Zoology: study of animals
- Microbiology: study of microorganisms
- Ecology: study of interactions between organisms and their environment
- Biochemistry: study of chemical processes in living organisms
- Molecular Biology: study of biological molecules and their interactions
- Genetics: study of heredity and variation
Cellular Biology
- Cell Structure:
- Plasma membrane: outer layer of cell
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside cell
- Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA)
- Mitochondria: generate energy for cell
- Cell Functions:
- Metabolism: energy conversion and synthesis
- Photosynthesis: conversion of light energy to chemical energy
- Cell division: process of cell growth and reproduction
Evolution
- Mechanisms of Evolution:
- Natural Selection: adaptation to environment
- Genetic Drift: random change in gene frequency
- Mutation: change in DNA sequence
- Gene Flow: movement of genes between populations
- Evidence for Evolution:
- Fossil Record: pattern of fossilization
- Comparative Anatomy: similarities and homologies between species
- Molecular Biology: similarities in DNA and protein sequences
Ecosystems
- Components of Ecosystems:
- Biotic factors: living organisms
- Abiotic factors: non-living components (e.g. light, temperature, water)
- Energy Flow:
- Producers: organisms that produce energy (e.g. plants)
- Consumers: organisms that obtain energy from producers
- Decomposers: organisms that break down organic matter
- Nutrient Cycles:
- Carbon Cycle: circulation of carbon through ecosystem
- Nitrogen Cycle: circulation of nitrogen through ecosystem
Biological Molecules
- Carbohydrates: energy storage and structural molecules
- Proteins: enzymes, structural components, and transport molecules
- Lipids: energy storage and structural molecules
- Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA, storing genetic information
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Description
Test your knowledge of biology fundamentals, covering branches of biology, cellular biology, evolution, ecosystems, and biological molecules.
