Biology Basics

Cellular Structure

• Cell Membrane: semi-permeable membrane that separates the cell from its environment
• Cell Wall: rigid layer outside the cell membrane, providing structural support and protection
• Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane, where metabolic processes occur
• Organelles: specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions
  • Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA)
  • Mitochondria: generates energy for the cell through cellular respiration
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum: involved in protein synthesis and transport
  • Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
  • Lysosomes: contains digestive enzymes that break down and recycle cellular waste

Genetics

• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): double-stranded molecule containing genetic information
• Genes: segments of DNA that code for specific traits or proteins
• Chromosomes: thread-like structures made up of DNA and proteins, found in the nucleus
• Genotype: an individual's genetic makeup
• Phenotype: an individual's physical and behavioral characteristics
• Inheritance: passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring
• Mendel's Laws: principles of inheritance, including the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment

Evolution

• Theory of Evolution: process by which species change over time through natural selection and genetic drift
• Natural Selection: process by which individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
• Speciation: formation of new species from a single ancestral species
• Adaptation: process by which species become better suited to their environment
• Fossil Record: chronological record of the history of life on Earth
• Homologous Structures: similar structures found in different species that share a common ancestor

Ecosystems

• Ecosystem: community of living and non-living components that interact in a specific environment
• Biotic Factors: living components, such as plants, animals, and microorganisms
• Abiotic Factors: non-living components, such as light, temperature, and water
• Energy Flow: transfer of energy from one level of the food chain to the next
• Trophic Levels: levels of the food chain, including producers, consumers, and decomposers
• Ecological Niche: unique role of a species in its environment

Plant Biology

• Photosynthesis: process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy
• Chlorophyll: green pigment that absorbs light energy
• Stomata: small openings on plant leaves that allow for gas exchange
• Xylem: vascular tissue that transports water and minerals from roots to leaves
• Phloem: vascular tissue that transports sugars and nutrients from leaves to roots
• Roots: underground structures that absorb water and nutrients
• Hormones: chemical signals that regulate plant growth and development