Biology Basics

Cells: Basic units of life, consisting of cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material (DNA or RNA)
- Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and vacuoles; animal cells have lysosomes and centrioles
Genetics: Study of heredity and variation
- Mendel's laws: segregation, independent assortment, and dominance
- DNA structure: double helix, nucleotides, and base pairing
Ecosystems: Interactions between living organisms and their environment
- Energy flow: producers, consumers, and decomposers
- Trophic levels: food chains and food webs
Evolution: Change in species over time
- Mechanisms: mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection
- Evidence: fossil record, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology

Atoms: Building blocks of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons
- Atomic number: number of protons in an atom's nucleus
- Atomic mass: total number of protons and neutrons
Chemical Bonding: Atoms sharing or transferring electrons to form bonds
- Types: ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds
- Bond polarity: electronegativity and partial charges
Chemical Reactions: Processes involving the transformation of substances
- Types: synthesis, decomposition, replacement, and combustion reactions
- Reaction rates: factors affecting speed, such as concentration and temperature
Acids and Bases: Substances that donate or accept protons
- pH scale: measure of acidity or basicity
- Strong and weak acids and bases

Motion: Change in position of an object over time
- Types: translational, rotational, and vibrational motion
- Kinematics: description of motion using position, velocity, and acceleration
Forces: Pushes or pulls that cause motion or change
- Types: gravity, friction, normal, and tension forces
- Newton's laws: inertia, force and acceleration, and action and reaction
Energy: Ability to do work or cause change
- Types: kinetic, potential, thermal, and electrical energy
- Energy transformations: conservation and conversion
Waves: Periodic disturbances that transfer energy
- Types: mechanical, electromagnetic, and sound waves
- Wave properties: frequency, wavelength, and speed

Cells
- Basic units of life, consisting of cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material (DNA or RNA)
- Plant cells have additional features: cell walls, chloroplasts, and vacuoles
- Animal cells have additional features: lysosomes and centrioles
Genetics
- Study of heredity and variation
- Mendel's laws govern inheritance: segregation, independent assortment, and dominance
- DNA structure is a double helix, comprised of nucleotides and base pairing
Ecosystems
- Interactions between living organisms and their environment
- Energy flow occurs through producers, consumers, and decomposers
- Trophic levels form food chains and food webs
Evolution
- Change in species over time
- Mechanisms of evolution: mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection
- Evidence for evolution: fossil record, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology

Atoms
- Building blocks of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons
- Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus
- Atomic mass is the total number of protons and neutrons
Chemical Bonding
- Atoms share or transfer electrons to form bonds
- Types of bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic
- Bond polarity is influenced by electronegativity and partial charges
Chemical Reactions
- Processes involving the transformation of substances
- Types of reactions: synthesis, decomposition, replacement, and combustion
- Factors affecting reaction rates: concentration, temperature, and more
Acids and Bases
- Substances that donate or accept protons
- pH scale measures acidity or basicity
- Strong and weak acids and bases have distinct properties

Motion
- Change in position of an object over time
- Types of motion: translational, rotational, and vibrational
- Kinematics describes motion using position, velocity, and acceleration
Forces
- Pushes or pulls that cause motion or change
- Types of forces: gravity, friction, normal, and tension forces
- Newton's laws govern force and motion: inertia, force and acceleration, and action and reaction
Energy
- Ability to do work or cause change
- Types of energy: kinetic, potential, thermal, and electrical
- Energy is conserved and converted between forms
Waves
- Periodic disturbances that transfer energy
- Types of waves: mechanical, electromagnetic, and sound waves
- Wave properties: frequency, wavelength, and speed

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