Questions and Answers
is the basic unit living unit of all organisms.
cell
cells have specialized structures within, called
organelles
4 functions of the cell
Cell metabolism and energy use, Synthesis of molecules, Communication, Reproduction and inheritance
The chemical reactions that occur within cells are collectively called
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Cells synthesize various types of molecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
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Cells produce and receive chemical and electrical signals that allow them to communicate with one another.
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Each cell contains a copy of the genetic information of the individual.
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Outermost component of a cell
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Encloses the cytoplasm
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Forms the boundary between material inside and outside the cell
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A large organelle located near the center of the cell
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nucleus is Bounded by a - (consists of outer and inner membrane)
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diffused bodies with no surrounding membrane; found within the nucleus
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Organelles where proteins are synthesized
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Attached to other organelles, such as the Endoplasmic Reticulum
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has no ribosomes; site for lipid synthesis & participates in detoxification of chemicals within cells
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ER with ribosomes attached to it; aids in protein sysnthesis
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Consists of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-bound sacs
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Collects, modifies, packages, and distributes proteins & lipids manufactured by the ER.
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a small, membrane-bound sac that transports or stores materials within cells
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Pinch off from the Golgi apparatus and move to the cell membrane
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Accumulate in the cytoplasm and released to the exterior when the cell receives a signal
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Membrane-bound vesicles formed from the Golgi apparatus
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Contain variety of enzymes that function as intracellular digestive system
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Enzymes with lysosome destroy the
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Small, membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide
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Small organelles with inner & outer membranes separated by a space
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numerous folds that project into the interior of the mitochondria
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Major site for ATP production
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Supports the cytoplasm & organelles; involved in cell movements
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Composed of microtubules, microfilaments, & intermediate filaments
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Located in the centrosome, and are made of microtubules
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Facilitate chromosome movement during cell division
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move substances over the surface of cells
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much longer than cilia & propel sperm cells
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increase the surface area of cella and thus aid in absorption
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Study Notes
Basic Unit of Life
- Cells are the fundamental living units of all organisms.
- Specialized structures within cells enable various functions and processes.
Functions of Cells
- Chemical reactions occurring within cells are termed metabolism.
- Cells synthesize proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, crucial for various cellular processes.
- Communication between cells is facilitated through chemical and electrical signals.
- Each cell contains a complete set of genetic information for the organism.
Cell Structure
- The cell membrane encloses the cytoplasm, defining the interior from the outside environment.
- The nucleus, a large organelle, is centrally located and is surrounded by a double membrane.
Nucleus Components
- Nucleolus consists of diffused bodies with no surrounding membrane, located within the nucleus.
Ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, often attached to the rough ER.
- Smooth ER lacks ribosomes; it is responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.
Golgi Apparatus
- Composed of curved, stacked membrane-bound sacs that modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids produced by the ER.
Vesicles
- Transport or store materials within the cell and are small, membrane-bound sacs.
- Secretory vesicles are formed from the Golgi apparatus and release their contents upon receiving signals from the cell.
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes for breaking down cellular waste.
- Peroxisomes contain enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide.
Mitochondria
- Composed of inner and outer membranes with many folds, enhancing ATP production efficiency.
- Major site for ATP synthesis, providing energy for cellular activities.
Cytoskeleton
- Provides structural support for the cytoplasm and organelles, plays a role in cell movement.
- Composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
Centrosomes and Cilia
- Centrosomes contain centrioles made of microtubules, facilitating chromosome movement during cell division.
- Cilia are short hair-like structures that help move substances across cell surfaces; flagella are longer and propel cells, such as sperm.
Microvilli
- Extensions of the cell membrane that significantly increase surface area, aiding in absorption.
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