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is the basic unit living unit of all organisms.
is the basic unit living unit of all organisms.
cell
cells have specialized structures within, called
cells have specialized structures within, called
organelles
4 functions of the cell
4 functions of the cell
Cell metabolism and energy use, Synthesis of molecules, Communication, Reproduction and inheritance
The chemical reactions that occur within
cells are collectively called
The chemical reactions that occur within cells are collectively called
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Cells synthesize various types of molecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Cells synthesize various types of molecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
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Cells produce and receive chemical and electrical signals that allow them to communicate with one another.
Cells produce and receive chemical and electrical signals that allow them to communicate with one another.
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Each cell contains a copy of the genetic
information of the individual.
Each cell contains a copy of the genetic information of the individual.
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Outermost component of a cell
Outermost component of a cell
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Encloses the cytoplasm
Encloses the cytoplasm
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Forms the boundary between material
inside and outside the cell
Forms the boundary between material inside and outside the cell
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A large organelle located near the center of the cell
A large organelle located near the center of the cell
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nucleus is Bounded by a - (consists of outer and inner membrane)
nucleus is Bounded by a - (consists of outer and inner membrane)
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diffused bodies with no surrounding
membrane; found within the nucleus
diffused bodies with no surrounding membrane; found within the nucleus
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Organelles where proteins are
synthesized
Organelles where proteins are synthesized
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Attached to other organelles, such as
the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Attached to other organelles, such as the Endoplasmic Reticulum
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has no ribosomes; site for lipid synthesis & participates in detoxification of chemicals within cells
has no ribosomes; site for lipid synthesis & participates in detoxification of chemicals within cells
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ER with ribosomes attached to it; aids in protein sysnthesis
ER with ribosomes attached to it; aids in protein sysnthesis
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Consists of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-bound sacs
Consists of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-bound sacs
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Collects, modifies, packages, and distributes proteins & lipids manufactured by the ER.
Collects, modifies, packages, and distributes proteins & lipids manufactured by the ER.
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a small, membrane-bound sac that
transports or stores materials within cells
a small, membrane-bound sac that transports or stores materials within cells
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Pinch off from the Golgi apparatus and move to the cell membrane
Pinch off from the Golgi apparatus and move to the cell membrane
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Accumulate in the cytoplasm and released to the
exterior when the cell receives a signal
Accumulate in the cytoplasm and released to the exterior when the cell receives a signal
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Membrane-bound vesicles formed from the Golgi apparatus
Membrane-bound vesicles formed from the Golgi apparatus
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Contain variety of enzymes that function as intracellular digestive system
Contain variety of enzymes that function as intracellular digestive system
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Enzymes with lysosome destroy the
Enzymes with lysosome destroy the
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Small, membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide
Small, membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide
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Small organelles with inner & outer membranes separated by a space
Small organelles with inner & outer membranes separated by a space
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numerous folds that project into the
interior of the mitochondria
numerous folds that project into the interior of the mitochondria
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Major site for ATP production
Major site for ATP production
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Supports the cytoplasm & organelles; involved in cell movements
Supports the cytoplasm & organelles; involved in cell movements
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Composed of microtubules, microfilaments, &
intermediate filaments
Composed of microtubules, microfilaments, & intermediate filaments
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Located in the centrosome, and are made of
microtubules
Located in the centrosome, and are made of microtubules
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Facilitate chromosome movement during cell division
Facilitate chromosome movement during cell division
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move substances over the surface of cells
move substances over the surface of cells
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much longer than cilia & propel
sperm cells
much longer than cilia & propel sperm cells
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increase the surface area of cella
and thus aid in absorption
increase the surface area of cella and thus aid in absorption
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Study Notes
Basic Unit of Life
- Cells are the fundamental living units of all organisms.
- Specialized structures within cells enable various functions and processes.
Functions of Cells
- Chemical reactions occurring within cells are termed metabolism.
- Cells synthesize proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, crucial for various cellular processes.
- Communication between cells is facilitated through chemical and electrical signals.
- Each cell contains a complete set of genetic information for the organism.
Cell Structure
- The cell membrane encloses the cytoplasm, defining the interior from the outside environment.
- The nucleus, a large organelle, is centrally located and is surrounded by a double membrane.
Nucleus Components
- Nucleolus consists of diffused bodies with no surrounding membrane, located within the nucleus.
Ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, often attached to the rough ER.
- Smooth ER lacks ribosomes; it is responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.
Golgi Apparatus
- Composed of curved, stacked membrane-bound sacs that modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids produced by the ER.
Vesicles
- Transport or store materials within the cell and are small, membrane-bound sacs.
- Secretory vesicles are formed from the Golgi apparatus and release their contents upon receiving signals from the cell.
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes for breaking down cellular waste.
- Peroxisomes contain enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide.
Mitochondria
- Composed of inner and outer membranes with many folds, enhancing ATP production efficiency.
- Major site for ATP synthesis, providing energy for cellular activities.
Cytoskeleton
- Provides structural support for the cytoplasm and organelles, plays a role in cell movement.
- Composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
Centrosomes and Cilia
- Centrosomes contain centrioles made of microtubules, facilitating chromosome movement during cell division.
- Cilia are short hair-like structures that help move substances across cell surfaces; flagella are longer and propel cells, such as sperm.
Microvilli
- Extensions of the cell membrane that significantly increase surface area, aiding in absorption.
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