Questions and Answers
What do free ribosomes primarily synthesize?
The endoplasmic reticulum is not involved in protein synthesis.
False
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
Transporting oxygen
Lipids can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to a ______.
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Match the following proteins with their functions:
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What does the breakdown of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) release?
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Ligands can only be proteins.
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What is the role of receptor proteins in intercellular communication?
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The process by which a chemical signal binds to a cell receptor is called _____ communication.
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Match the following ion channels with their characteristics:
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Which statement is true regarding ligand binding?
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Active membrane-associated enzymes require a receptor to be activated.
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What happens to a protein when ATP is broken down to ADP?
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What is the primary function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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The Golgi apparatus is least developed in cells that secrete large amounts of proteins.
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What are the interior spaces of the sacs and tubules in the endoplasmic reticulum called?
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The membrane-bound vesicles that pinch off from the Golgi apparatus are called __________.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Which type of vesicles move to the plasma membrane to secrete their contents?
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Proteins that become part of the plasma membrane are transported in vesicles created by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
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Name two types of cells that have a highly developed Golgi apparatus.
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What is the term for the segments of mRNA that code for proteins?
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Gene expression in a single cell remains constant throughout its life.
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What is the purpose of alternative splicing in mRNA processing?
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MRNA that contains introns is called a __________.
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Match the following terms related to mRNA processing:
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During gene expression, which part of the DNA molecule is not transcribed?
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Cells in different tissues can transcribe the same gene into different mRNAs.
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What is interphase?
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What is the primary function of facilitated diffusion?
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Active transport processes do not require energy.
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What type of cellular process is phagocytosis?
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The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is known as __________.
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Which process is characterized by the ingestion of liquids?
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Phagocytosis is important for eliminating harmful substances from the body.
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What provides the energy for active transport?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Study Notes
ATP Breakdown and Cell Signaling
- Breakdown of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) releases energy, facilitating cellular processes.
- Ligands are chemical signals used by cells for communication; they bind to specific receptor proteins on target cells.
- Ion channels can respond to ligands, changing their shape, which allows the movement of ions across membranes.
Membrane Transport Mechanisms
- Receptor proteins are membrane-bound and interact with specific substances to trigger cellular responses.
- Facilitated diffusion enables molecules to cross the plasma membrane without the use of metabolic energy, reliant on concentration gradients.
- Active transport is energy-dependent, moving substances against concentration gradients, powered by ATP breakdown.
Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis
- Phagocytosis, or "cell-eating," involves the ingestion of solid particles, important for immune responses.
- Pinocytosis, or "cell-drinking," is the process by which cells ingest extracellular fluid and small solutes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Synthesis
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes in the cytoplasm, comprised of flattened sacs (cisternae).
- Rough ER, studded with ribosomes, synthesizes and modifies proteins for secretion and membrane incorporation.
- Proteins are packaged into vesicles by the Golgi apparatus for distribution or secretion via exocytosis, particularly in secretory cells like those in salivary glands.
Gene Expression and mRNA Processing
- The process of transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to DNA to synthesize pre-mRNA, which includes both exons (coding regions) and introns (non-coding regions).
- Alternative splicing allows for the combination of different exons, enabling a single gene to code for multiple proteins depending on the tissue type.
- Gene expression is dynamic and can fluctuate in response to cellular and external signals, affecting protein production and function.
Cell Cycle and Interphase
- Interphase represents the period between cell divisions, where the cell engages in metabolic activities necessary for life.
- Most of a typical cell’s life cycle is spent in interphase, during which it performs specialized functions relevant to its role in the organism.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential concepts of ATP breakdown to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and the functioning of ligand-gated ion channels. You'll explore how ADP releases energy and its impact on protein shape and ion movement across membranes. Test your understanding of these crucial biological processes.