Biology: ATP Breakdown and Ion Channels
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Questions and Answers

What do free ribosomes primarily synthesize?

  • Proteins for secretion
  • Proteins used inside the cell (correct)
  • Integral membrane proteins
  • Glycoproteins

    • The endoplasmic reticulum is not involved in protein synthesis.

    False

    What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

    Transporting oxygen

    Lipids can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to a ______.

    <p>granule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following proteins with their functions:

    <p>Hemoglobin = Transports oxygen Melanin = Colors skin, hair, and eyes Glycoproteins = Involved in cell recognition Lipoproteins = Transport lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the breakdown of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) release?

    <p>Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ligands can only be proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of receptor proteins in intercellular communication?

    <p>Receptor proteins allow specific substances to attach and trigger a response in the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which a chemical signal binds to a cell receptor is called _____ communication.

    <p>intercellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ion channels with their characteristics:

    <p>Ligand-gated ion channel = Responds to chemical signals Voltage-gated ion channel = Responds to changes in membrane potential Membrane-associated enzyme = May be always active or activated by receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding ligand binding?

    <p>It only triggers a response in cells with the specific receptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Active membrane-associated enzymes require a receptor to be activated.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a protein when ATP is broken down to ADP?

    <p>The shape of the protein changes, allowing it to move ions or molecules across the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Protein synthesis and modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Golgi apparatus is least developed in cells that secrete large amounts of proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the interior spaces of the sacs and tubules in the endoplasmic reticulum called?

    <p>Cisternae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The membrane-bound vesicles that pinch off from the Golgi apparatus are called __________.

    <p>secretory vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum = Contains ribosomes and synthesizes proteins Golgi apparatus = Processes and packages proteins for secretion Secretory vesicles = Transport proteins to the plasma membrane Cisternae = Isolated spaces within the endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vesicles move to the plasma membrane to secrete their contents?

    <p>Secretory vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins that become part of the plasma membrane are transported in vesicles created by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two types of cells that have a highly developed Golgi apparatus.

    <p>Salivary glands and pancreas cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the segments of mRNA that code for proteins?

    <p>Exons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gene expression in a single cell remains constant throughout its life.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of alternative splicing in mRNA processing?

    <p>To produce different proteins from the same gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MRNA that contains introns is called a __________.

    <p>pre-mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to mRNA processing:

    <p>Exons = Code for proteins Introns = Do not code for proteins Pre-mRNA = Immature mRNA Alternative splicing = Produces varied proteins from a single gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During gene expression, which part of the DNA molecule is not transcribed?

    <p>Introns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells in different tissues can transcribe the same gene into different mRNAs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is interphase?

    <p>The phase between cell divisions where the cell carries out necessary metabolic activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of facilitated diffusion?

    <p>Transport substances across a selectively permeable membrane without energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Active transport processes do not require energy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cellular process is phagocytosis?

    <p>Cell-eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is known as __________.

    <p>osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is characterized by the ingestion of liquids?

    <p>Pinocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phagocytosis is important for eliminating harmful substances from the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides the energy for active transport?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Facilitated diffusion = Transport without metabolic energy Phagocytosis = Cell-eating process Pinocytosis = Cell-drinking process Active transport = Requires ATP for substance movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    ATP Breakdown and Cell Signaling

    • Breakdown of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) releases energy, facilitating cellular processes.
    • Ligands are chemical signals used by cells for communication; they bind to specific receptor proteins on target cells.
    • Ion channels can respond to ligands, changing their shape, which allows the movement of ions across membranes.

    Membrane Transport Mechanisms

    • Receptor proteins are membrane-bound and interact with specific substances to trigger cellular responses.
    • Facilitated diffusion enables molecules to cross the plasma membrane without the use of metabolic energy, reliant on concentration gradients.
    • Active transport is energy-dependent, moving substances against concentration gradients, powered by ATP breakdown.

    Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis

    • Phagocytosis, or "cell-eating," involves the ingestion of solid particles, important for immune responses.
    • Pinocytosis, or "cell-drinking," is the process by which cells ingest extracellular fluid and small solutes.

    Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Synthesis

    • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes in the cytoplasm, comprised of flattened sacs (cisternae).
    • Rough ER, studded with ribosomes, synthesizes and modifies proteins for secretion and membrane incorporation.
    • Proteins are packaged into vesicles by the Golgi apparatus for distribution or secretion via exocytosis, particularly in secretory cells like those in salivary glands.

    Gene Expression and mRNA Processing

    • The process of transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to DNA to synthesize pre-mRNA, which includes both exons (coding regions) and introns (non-coding regions).
    • Alternative splicing allows for the combination of different exons, enabling a single gene to code for multiple proteins depending on the tissue type.
    • Gene expression is dynamic and can fluctuate in response to cellular and external signals, affecting protein production and function.

    Cell Cycle and Interphase

    • Interphase represents the period between cell divisions, where the cell engages in metabolic activities necessary for life.
    • Most of a typical cell’s life cycle is spent in interphase, during which it performs specialized functions relevant to its role in the organism.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential concepts of ATP breakdown to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and the functioning of ligand-gated ion channels. You'll explore how ADP releases energy and its impact on protein shape and ion movement across membranes. Test your understanding of these crucial biological processes.

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