Biology: ATP and Coupled Reactions
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Questions and Answers

What are the by-products produced by the Krebs cycle?

  • 2 ATP, 4 NADH, 1 FADH2
  • 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 (correct)
  • 6 ATP, 2 NADH, 4 FADH2
  • 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 FADH2

Which complex in the electron transport chain is responsible for proton pumping from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space after the oxidation of NADH?

  • Complex I (correct)
  • Coenzyme Q
  • Complex III
  • Complex II

What occurs when FADH2 is oxidized in the electron transport chain?

  • It produces ATP directly.
  • It donates protons to Complex I.
  • It pumps electrons into the mitochondrial matrix.
  • It is converted to FAD+ without proton pumping. (correct)

Which component receives electrons from Complex III and passes them on to Complex IV?

<p>Cytochrome C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

<p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of chemiosmosis during oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>Synthesis of ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the electron transport chain contribute to the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane?

<p>It pumps protons into the intermembrane space during electron transport. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens immediately after oxygen receives electrons in the electron transport chain?

<p>It combines with protons to form water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP in biological systems?

<p>It acts as the main energy currency of cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the significance of coupled reaction processes?

<p>They allow energetically unfavorable reactions to occur by using energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the hydrolysis of ATP?

<p>ATP is broken down to ADP and releases energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP considered high-energy bonds?

<p>Breaking them releases a significant amount of energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about ATP regeneration is true?

<p>ATP regeneration is important because cells quickly use up ATP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ATP function similar to a rechargeable battery?

<p>ATP can store energy and can be reused after regeneration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cellular functions, what happens when the energy from ATP is depleted?

<p>The cell processes will halt and may lead to cell death. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do carrier and motor proteins play in the context of ATP?

<p>They rely on energy from ATP to transport substances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate product of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate during glycolysis?

<p>Pyruvate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are used in the initial steps of glycolysis?

<p>Two (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the three-carbon molecule pyruvate in the mitochondrial matrix?

<p>It becomes acetyl CoA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the citric acid cycle crucial for cellular respiration?

<p>It acts as a pathway for all metabolic fuels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced alongside acetyl CoA during pyruvate oxidation?

<p>NADH and carbon dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substances enter the citric acid cycle primarily?

<p>Acetyl CoA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reactions are predominantly involved in the citric acid cycle?

<p>Oxidation-reduction reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does acetyl CoA play in the citric acid cycle?

<p>It acts as a fuel source (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate product of the oxidation of succinate?

<p>Fumarate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the reversible hydration of fumarate to L-malate?

<p>Fumarase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final product of the oxidation of malate in the citric acid cycle?

<p>Oxaloacetate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does oxygen play in oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>Serves as the final electron acceptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the absence of oxygen during cellular respiration?

<p>Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis halt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of the electron transport chain?

<p>Ubiquinone and cytochrome c (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes chemiosmosis?

<p>It uses the proton gradient to power ATP synthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will occur if a person holds their breath for too long?

<p>Decreased production of ATP and eventual cell death (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle?

<p>It catalyzes the oxidation of acetyl groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the role of NADH and FADH2 during oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>They donate electrons to the electron transport chain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs first in cellular respiration?

<p>Glycolysis breaking down glucose. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is ATP synthesized during oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>Through the flow of protons via ATP synthase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes glycolysis?

<p>It is a metabolic pathway present in nearly all organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain?

<p>It accepts electrons and forms water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What other molecules are produced as a result of the citric acid cycle alongside energy carriers?

<p>CO2 and water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does glucose enter the glycolysis pathway?

<p>Through phosphorylation by hexokinase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the ATP synthase play in the electron transport chain?

<p>It converts ADP into ATP using the proton gradient. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the movement of protons from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix?

<p>To achieve chemical equilibrium in proton concentrations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process results in the production of 26 to 28 ATP molecules?

<p>Chemiosmosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP in cells?

<p>It acts as a cellular energy currency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would most likely occur if mitochondria failed to produce sufficient ATP?

<p>Development of mitochondrial diseases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much ATP is produced from one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration, including glycolysis and citric acid cycle?

<p>30 – 32 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of inorganic phosphate in the ATP production process?

<p>It is required for the conversion of ADP to ATP. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some symptoms of mitochondrial disease?

<p>Muscle weakness and lack of coordination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Coupled Reaction Processes

Cellular processes where energy-releasing reactions (exergonic) power energy-requiring reactions (endergonic).

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that acts as the main energy currency in cells, supplying energy for various cellular functions.

Cellular Energy Currency

ATP is the primary source of energy that drives cellular reactions, similar to how money supports economic activities in our society.

Hydrolysis

The breakdown of a chemical compound by water.

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ATP Hydrolysis

The breakdown of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), releasing energy for cellular processes.

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High-Energy Bonds

Phosphoanhydride bonds within ATP, characterized by a significant amount of energy being released when broken.

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Exergonic Reaction

A reaction that releases energy.

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Endergonic reaction

A reaction that absorbs energy.

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Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate instability

Modified sugar that splits due to phosphate groups, forming two three-carbon sugars.

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Glycolysis's energy-releasing phase

Converts three-carbon sugars into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

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Pyruvate oxidation

Converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA, releasing CO2 and producing NADH in mitochondria.

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Acetyl CoA role

Fuel for the citric acid cycle, a crucial step in cellular respiration.

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Citric Acid Cycle

Final common pathway for oxidizing fuel molecules (carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids) into ATP.

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Citric Acid Cycle function

Oxidizes acetyl groups to release CO2, generating ATP within the cell.

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Fuel molecule oxidation

Loss of electrons by fuel molecules in the citric acid cycle.

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Pyruvate Oxidation Location

Mitochondrial matrix (eukaryotes) or cytoplasm (prokaryotes).

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

Process where NADH and FADH2 generate ATP via electron transport chain

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Oxaloacetate

Four-carbon molecule that starts and regenerates in the Citric Acid Cycle

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NADH and FADH2

Electron carriers that deposit electrons in the electron transport chain

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Glycolysis

Metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into smaller molecules

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ATP Synthase

Enzyme that produces ATP using a proton gradient

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Electron Transport Chain

Series of protein complexes that move electrons to produce a proton motive force

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Proton Motive Force

Electrochemical gradient driven by protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane

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Chemiosmosis

The process where the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.

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Mitochondrial Membrane

The inner membrane of the mitochondria, where the electron transport chain and ATP synthase are located.

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Proton Gradient

The difference in proton concentration across the mitochondrial membrane, created by the electron transport chain.

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Electron Carriers

Molecules that carry electrons from one protein complex to the next in the electron transport chain.

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What is the importance of oxidative phosphorylation in humans?

Oxidative phosphorylation is crucial for human survival as it generates the majority of ATP, which is the energy currency of cells. This energy powers essential biological processes like muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and protein synthesis.

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Electron Transport Chain Input

NADH and FADH2, produced during the Krebs cycle, are the primary inputs for the electron transport chain.

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Complex I Function

Complex I accepts electrons from NADH, pumps protons (H+) into the intermembrane space, and passes the electrons to CoQ.

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Complex II Role

Complex II accepts electrons from FADH2, but unlike Complex I, it doesn't pump protons; it passes the electrons to CoQ.

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Complex IV Function

Complex IV receives electrons from Cytochrome C and pumps protons into the intermembrane space, contributing to the proton gradient.

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ATP Production in Chemiosmosis

The majority of ATP produced in cellular respiration is generated during chemiosmosis. The energy stored in the proton gradient is released as protons move back into the matrix.

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Electron Transport Chain's Final Destination

Oxygen, in the mitochondrial matrix, receives the electrons from Complex IV and combines with protons to form water.

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Mitochondrial Disease

A genetic disorder that affects the mitochondria's ability to produce ATP, leading to various symptoms.

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Why is ATP important?

ATP is essential for all cellular functions, including muscle contraction, nerve impulses, protein synthesis, and maintaining cellular structure.

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How much ATP is produced?

Cellular respiration produces about 30-32 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, with the majority produced during oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis).

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Study Notes

Coupled Reaction Processes

  • A cell functions like a bustling town, with carrier proteins moving substances, motor proteins carrying cargo, and metabolic enzymes building and breaking down macromolecules
  • These processes occur even if they are not energetically favourable because energy is available to power them, much like a town's economy
  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main energy currency of cells, like money in human societies
  • ATP is a small molecule that can be thought of as the main energy currency of cells
  • The energy released by hydrolyzing ATP is used to power energy-requiring cellular reactions

ATP Structure and Hydrolysis

  • ATP is an RNA nucleotide with a chain of three phosphates
  • The molecule has a ribose sugar and an adenine base
  • The high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP are broken in a hydrolysis reaction, releasing a substantial amount of energy
  • The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP releases energy from the bonds of phosphates
  • The reaction is ATP + Hâ‚‚O → ADP + Pi + energy. (Pi represents inorganic phosphate)
  • ATP regeneration is important to cells due to the continual use of ATP in cellular functions

Reaction Coupling

  • Reaction coupling is a strategy cells use to link an energetically favorable reaction (like ATP hydrolysis) with an unfavorable (endergonic) reaction
  • A favourable reaction (e.g. ATP hydrolysis) is linked to an unfavourable reaction to make the unfavourable one possible.
  • This often happens through a shared intermediate, where the product of one reaction becomes a reactant in the other reaction

Cellular Respiration: Stages

  • Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce ATP
  • The stages include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation
  • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules, producing ATP and NADH
  • Pyruvate oxidation converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA, releasing carbon dioxide and producing NADH
  • The citric acid cycle further oxidizes acetyl CoA, producing ATP, NADH, and FADHâ‚‚
  • Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria and uses NADH and FADHâ‚‚ to generate a large amount of ATP

Importance of ATP Production

  • ATP is crucial for all cellular functions, as it provides the energy needed for various cellular processes. Without ATP, cells cannot function properly, ultimately leading to the death of the organism.

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Description

Explore the essential role of ATP as the energy currency in cellular processes. This quiz covers the structure of ATP, its hydrolysis, and how coupled reactions function to drive biological activities. Test your understanding of the intricate mechanisms that keep cells functioning like a bustling town.

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