Biology: Annelida and Leeches
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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic of Annelids that differentiates them from other phyla?

  • Radial symmetry
  • Presence of a post-anal tail
  • Presence of a notochord
  • Metamerically segmented body (correct)

    • What is the purpose of parapodia in Polychaeta?

  • Respiration
  • Sensory perception
  • Locomotion (correct)
  • Feeding

    • What is the term for the thickened glandular and non-segmented section of the body wall near the head in Clitellata?

  • Parapodia
  • Chitin
  • Clitellum (correct)
  • Setae

    • What is the main component of the exoskeletons of insects and certain hard structures in invertebrates?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reproductive mode of all species within Clitellata?

    <p>Hermaphroditic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of Polychaeta that enables them to tolerate extreme temperatures and pressure?

    <p>No specific feature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of gastrulation in which the mouth forms first?

    <p>Protostomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phylum to which the peanut worm was previously classified?

    <p>Annelida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Clitellata that distinguishes them from Polychaeta?

    <p>Absence of larval stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of photoreceptor cells in the dorsal skin of Clitellata?

    <p>Sensory perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the chemicals injected by medical leeches?

    <p>To stop blood clotting and widen blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is unique to Annelids?

    <p>Segmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of species in the phylum Platyhelminthes?

    <p>25,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Turbellaria and Monogenea?

    <p>Turbellaria are free-living while Monogenea are parasitic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of secretion of exoskeletons and endoskeletons?

    <p>Biomineralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Brachiopods that allows them to anchor themselves to sediment?

    <p>Pedicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of life that disappeared during the Permian mass extinction?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phylum to which Molluscs belong?

    <p>Iophotrochozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a subgroup of the Sedentaria in Annelids?

    <p>Clitellata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of some Platyhelminthes to regrow lost body parts?

    <p>Regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique molluscan stage that follows the Trochophore larvae?

    <p>Veliger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the velum in the Veliger stage?

    <p>Feeding and swimming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the radula in most molluscs?

    <p>Scraping food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the radula of limpets?

    <p>Coated with goethite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of the Class Gastropoda?

    <p>Single, often coiled shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the calcium arrow in the mating process of some snails?

    <p>Delivering a hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Nudibranchs?

    <p>Loss of shells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ctenidia in Bivalvia?

    <p>Filter feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the foot of Cephalopods?

    <p>Modified into at least 8 arms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinctive feature of Mollusca?

    <p>External mantle and some form of large muscular foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chitin in Annelids?

    <p>Structural support and exoskeleton formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Polychaeta that distinguishes them from Clitellata?

    <p>Presence of chitin bristles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sucker in leeches?

    <p>Feeding on blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Annelida that is not shared with other phyla?

    <p>Metamerically segmented body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of Annelids that belong to Class Polychaeta?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of longitudinal and circular muscles in Annelids?

    <p>Movement and locomotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Clitellata that distinguishes them from Polychaeta?

    <p>Direct development with no larval stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the exoskeletons of insects and certain invertebrates?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Annelids that is not shared with other protostomes?

    <p>Closed circulatory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of photoreceptor cells in the dorsal skin of Clitellata?

    <p>Light detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the decline of articulate Brachiopods post-Permian era?

    <p>Over competition with other species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the Clitellata that distinguishes them from Polychaeta?

    <p>Non-segmented, glandular region near the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the chemicals injected by medical leeches?

    <p>To widen blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of known species of Platyhelminthes?

    <p>25,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phylum to which the flatworms belong?

    <p>Platyhelminthes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pedicle in Brachiopods?

    <p>To anchor themselves to sediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of regeneration in Platyhelminthes?

    <p>Regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of life that disappeared during the Permian mass extinction?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the phylum Mollusca?

    <p>Diverse body plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of secretion of exoskeletons and endoskeletons?

    <p>Biomineralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the mantel in Molluscs?

    <p>to secrete calcium carbonate crystals and conchiolin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molluscan classes is characterized by the possession of a radula with an iron-based mineral called goethite?

    <p>Limpets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adaptive significance of hermaphroditism in some molluscan species?

    <p>it reduces the energy expenditure of males during mating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defense mechanisms is unique to Nudibranchs?

    <p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ctenidia in Bivalvia?

    <p>to filter feed on plankton and small organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molluscan classes is characterized by the possession of a modified radula with a parrot-like beak?

    <p>Cephalopoda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of the foot in Cephalopoda?

    <p>it is modified for swimming and jet propulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of species in the Class Gastropoda?

    <p>around 62,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the calcium arrow in the mating process of some snails?

    <p>to deliver a hormone to the female reproductive organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of the heart cockles (Cardium cardissa)?

    <p>they live with zooxanthellae and have translucent shells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Phylum Annelida

    • Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, with a full body coelom, and metamerically segmented
    • Protostomes: first gastrulation becomes mouth
    • Closed circulatory system, excretory system, and a brain
    • Longitudinal muscles, circular muscles, and parapodia (stumpy leg-like appendages) with setae (bristle-like hair)

    Class Polychaeta

    • 70% of Annelids in this class
    • Bristle worms with chitin bristles
    • Parapodia for locomotion
    • Can tolerate extreme temperatures and pressure: found near thermal vents and in deep oceanic trenches
    • Dioecious
    • Most species within Polychaeta are marine

    Class Clitellata (Earthworms and Leeches)

    • Thickened glandular and non-segmented section of the body wall near the head (clitellum)
    • All hermaphrodites
    • No larval stage - direct development
    • No parapodia
    • No eyes, replaced by photoreceptor cells in the dorsal skin
    • Leeches - bloodsuckers with suckers at each end of the body

    Annelida Characteristics

    • 'True worms'
    • Most Annelids are segmented
    • Hydrostatic skeletons
    • Flatworms - thought to have evolved around 550 million years ago (Ediacaran)

    Phylum Platyhelminthes

    • Worm-like, dorsoventrally flattened (ribbon-like)
    • 25,000 known species, divided into four classes
    • Up to 200,000 people die a year from one platyhelminth parasite

    Classes of Platyhelminthes

    • Turbellaria - free living species
    • Monogenea - fish, ectoparasites
    • Trematoda - flukes, internal parasites of vertebrates and molluscs
    • Cestoda - tapeworms, internal parasites of many vertebrates

    Platyhelminthes Characteristics

    • Hermaphrodites
    • No coelom, no through gut, and no circulatory/respiratory system
    • Nervous system present
    • Parasitic flatworm life cycles are often complicated, involving numerous hosts and life stages

    Biomineralization

    • Secretion of exoskeletons and endoskeletons
    • Shells, mouthparts, bones, and teeth
    • Important in the Cambrian Explosion

    Phylum Brachiopoda

    • Two shells are not always the same size/shape
    • Hole in one shell for the pedicle
    • Pedicle, a structure used to anchor themselves to sediment

    The Great Dying

    • 252 million years ago: The Permian era ended with the largest mass extinction the planet has ever experienced
    • Around 95% of all life disappeared over a period of 10,000-60,000 years
    • Pangea hot and inhospitable
    • Volcanic activity, spewing super-heated sulphur into the air and generating acid rain
    • Volcanic dust blocked sunlight, leading to loss of vegetation

    Phylum Mollusca

    • Protostomes, in the clade Iophotrochozoan
    • 110,000 described species
    • Diverse phylum with some of the largest body plan disparity
    • Seven classes, but no agreement on how they are related

    Classes of Mollusca

    • Gastropoda (snails and slugs)
    • Bivalvia (clams, oysters, mussels)
    • Cephalopoda (squid, octopuses, nautiluses)
    • Polyplacophora (chitons)
    • Scaphopoda (tusk shells)
    • Monoplacophora (monoplacophorans)
    • Aplacophora (aplacophorans)

    General Molluscan Body Plan

    • Tough integument/skin called a mantle on their upper and lateral surfaces
    • Singular muscular foot used for locomotion
    • Mantle can secrete calcium carbonate crystals and a protein called conchiolin to bind them

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of Annelida, including their characteristics, classification, and uses in medicine. Learn about leeches and their role in plastic surgery, as well as the evolution of flatworms.

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