Biology and Physiology Quiz

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What is the normal physiological concentration range for potassium ions (K+) in plasma?

1.5-3.0 mmol/L

2.5-4.0 mmol/L

4.5-6.0 mmol/L

3.5-5.0 mmol/L (correct)

Which type of bond is primarily responsible for the structural integrity of proteins?

Ionic bonds

Hydrogen bonds (correct)

Van der Waals forces

Covalent bonds

What physiological role does pulmonary surfactant serve in the human body?

Enhances oxygen transport

Prevents dehydration

Reduces blood pressure

Reduces surface tension in the lungs (correct)

How does a deficiency in pulmonary surfactant affect newborns?

It causes respiratory distress syndrome (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which class of organic molecules is primarily involved in providing energy for cellular processes?

Carbohydrates (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of water molecules in biological systems?

Transport of nutrients (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein is characterized by a long, fibrous structure and provides support and strength?

Structural proteins (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common physiological unit used to express molarity?

mmol/L (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of polysaccharides in the body?

To store energy (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disaccharides is composed of glucose and fructose?

Sucrose (D) Signup and view all the answers

How are monosaccharides linked together to form larger carbohydrates?

Dehydration synthesis (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme specifically digests the disaccharide lactose?

Lactase (C) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the hydrolysis of glycogen?

Glucose monomers are released into the blood (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary waste product of cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxide (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for 0.9% sodium chloride when used in medicine?

Physiological saline (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond is formed by the transfer of electrons?

Ionic bond (B) Signup and view all the answers

How is the atomic number of an element defined?

The number of protons in an atom (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about covalent compounds is true?

They are formed by sharing of electrons. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes ionic compounds in terms of their melting points and solvent solubility?

They have high melting points and are soluble in polar solvents. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Positively charged ions in an atom are known as what?

Cations (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass number of an atom defined as?

Sum of protons and neutrons (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen?

Red blood cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of plasma in the blood?

Transport nutrients and waste products (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte is primarily involved in blood clotting?

Calcium (Ca2+) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of blood volume is typically composed of plasma?

55-60% (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which element is essential for the structure of hemoglobin?

Iron (Fe) (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does dehydration affect plasma levels in the blood?

Decreases plasma levels (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the major extracellular cation in the blood?

Sodium (Na+) (D) Signup and view all the answers

In what form does the body store its chemical energy?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of type II alveolar cells in the lungs?

Secrete surfactant (D) Signup and view all the answers

What condition is primarily caused by insufficient production of surfactant in newborns?

Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about surfactants is true?

They prevent alveoli from collapsing. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of organic molecules?

They are substances that contain carbon. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which macromolecule synthesis process involves the removal of a water molecule?

Dehydration synthesis (D) Signup and view all the answers

How are macromolecules broken down within the cell?

By hydrolysis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

$C_n(H_2O)_n$ (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which class of biomolecules is responsible for providing energy and structural components in living organisms?

Carbohydrates (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to alveoli without sufficient surfactant?

They collapse. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of the diet based on their classification?

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water, fiber (D) Signup and view all the answers