Biology and Chemistry Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes a slurry?

  • A homogeneous mixture where solid particles are dissolved in a liquid.
  • A liquid with no fixed shape.
  • A mixture where solid particles are suspended in a liquid forming a thick paste-like substance. (correct)
  • A pure substance that can exist in three states of matter.

Vinegar is considered a:

  • Pure substance.
  • Suspension.
  • Heterogeneous mixture.
  • Homogeneous mixture. (correct)

Which of the following is an example of a suspension?

  • Milk.
  • Sugar water.
  • Muddy water. (correct)
  • Fog.

What is the primary difference between a suspension and a colloid?

<p>Suspensions separate when left alone; colloids do not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a sugar water solution, what is the solvent?

<p>The water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you have 10 grams of salt dissolved in 200 mL of water, what is the concentration of the solution?

<p>0.05 g/mL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature is called:

<p>Saturated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?

<p>Trail mix. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heart chamber receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs?

<p>Left atrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood vessel is responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

<p>Veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen?

<p>Red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ filters waste from the blood and produces urine?

<p>Kidneys (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system?

<p>Conscious control over muscle movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a neuron transmits signals away from the cell body?

<p>Axon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the first vaccine using cowpox to prevent smallpox?

<p>Edward Jenner (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A deficiency in which vitamin causes scurvy?

<p>Vitamin C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the health of the body systems?

<p>Height (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of light explains why we can see objects?

<p>Light can be reflected (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lens is used in a microscope to magnify objects?

<p>Convex lens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a microscope is primarily responsible for adjusting the sharpness of an image?

<p>Fine adjustment knob (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'normal line' represent in relation to a reflecting surface?

<p>A line at a 90 degree angle to the reflecting surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a 'luminous' object?

<p>Produces light (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cell membrane?

<p>To allow specific materials to pass into and out of the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key structural difference between plant and animal cells?

<p>Plant cells have a cell wall, whereas animal cells do not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the law of reflection, what is the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection?

<p>They are equal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which water moves from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration through a membrane?

<p>Osmosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the aorta?

<p>Carries blood away from the heart to the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is responsible for providing support and connecting different parts of the body?

<p>Connective tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which specialized plant tissue is responsible for transporting sugars throughout the plant?

<p>Phloem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the digestive system, what is the process of physically breaking down food into smaller pieces called?

<p>Mechanical digestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the muscular contractions that move food through the esophagus?

<p>Peristalsis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the villi and microvilli in the small intestine?

<p>To enhance nutrient absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

<p>To facilitate gas exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is a muscle that aids in breathing by contracting to increase the volume of the chest cavity?

<p>Diaphragm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT directly influence the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent?

<p>Pressure of the solvent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the circulatory system?

<p>To transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the particle model of matter, what is a fundamental property of all particles?

<p>Particles are in constant motion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the viscosity of a liquid when it is heated?

<p>Viscosity decreases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body?

<p>The left ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the digestive process, where does chemical digestion primarily take place?

<p>Small intestine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A substance has a mass of 100 grams and a volume of 50 cm³. What is its density?

<p>2 g/cm³ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the large intestine?

<p>Absorbing most nutrients from digested food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does hot air rise?

<p>Because it is less dense than cold air (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An object floats in a fluid. What does that indicate about the object's density relative to the fluid?

<p>The object is less dense than the fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do ships sit lower in freshwater than in saltwater?

<p>Freshwater is less dense than saltwater (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the compressibility of gases compared to liquids?

<p>Gases are much more compressible than liquids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A force is applied to a fluid in a closed system. How is the pressure transmitted according to Pascal’s Law?

<p>Pressure is transmitted evenly in all directions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a force of 100 N is applied over an area of 0.5 m², what is the resulting pressure?

<p>200 Pa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do divers experience increased pressure as they descend underwater?

<p>Because of the weight of the water above them (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason a diver must ascend slowly to avoid decompression sickness?

<p>To allow nitrogen to safely leave the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a submarine control whether it rises or sinks?

<p>By controlling the amount of water and air in its ballast tanks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of the coarse adjustment knob on a compound light microscope?

<p>To moves the stage up and down for better focus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT considered one of the key characteristics of living things?

<p>Can remain stagnant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a translucent object?

<p>Lets some light pass through, forming a light shadow with no clear image. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between smooth and diffuse reflection?

<p>Smooth reflection reflects light in a regular pattern, while diffuse reflection scatters it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of a surface coating enhances its ability to reflect light?

<p>Its smoothness and high reflectivity for specular reflection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a plane mirror, what is true about the image formed?

<p>Virtual, upright, and laterally reversed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mirror provides a wide field of view and is often used for security purposes?

<p>Convex mirror (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the image formed by a concave mirror when the object is placed beyond the focal point?

<p>Real and inverted. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the focal point of a mirror?

<p>The point where the reflected rays converge or appear to converge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon causes light to bend as it passes through different mediums?

<p>Refraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the angle of refraction defined?

<p>The angle between the refracted ray and the normal line. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lens is thinner in the middle and thicker at the edges, causing light to diverge?

<p>Concave lens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A lens that is thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges, focusing light to a specific point, is called a:

<p>Convex lens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a double concave lens on light passing through it?

<p>It causes light to diverge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a double convex lens?

<p>To converge light rays at a specific point (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of object does not produce its own light?

<p>Moon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in determining how clearly a surface reflects light?

<p>The angle of the incoming light and smoothness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Slurry

A mixture where solid particles are suspended in a liquid. The solid doesn't dissolve, but stays mixed, creating a thick, paste-like substance.

Pure Substance

A pure substance containing only one type of particle. It can exist in all states of matter (solid, liquid, gas).

Compound

A combination of two or more elements. It's a new substance with properties distinct from its components.

Mixture

A combination of two or more pure substances. These substances maintain their properties, but their proportions can vary.

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Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture where the different substances are easily visible. Each component is distinguishable.

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Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture where the different substances are evenly distributed, making it appear uniform. Each component is indistinguishable.

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Concentration

The amount of solute dissolved in a specific amount of solvent. It tells you how concentrated the solution is.

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Solubility

The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a particular temperature.

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Right Atrium

The chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle.

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Left Atrium

The chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.

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Right Ventricle

The chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs.

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Left Ventricle

The chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the rest of the body.

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Arteries

Blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and to the rest of the body.

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Capillaries

The smallest blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. They allow for exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste.

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Veins

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

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Aorta

The largest artery in the body, carrying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.

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Gas Exchange

The process of exchanging oxygen from the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs.

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Red Blood Cells

Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body and bringing carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

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White Blood Cells

White blood cells protect the body from infections and diseases.

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Platelets

Platelets help stop bleeding by forming clots when a blood vessel is damaged.

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Plasma

The liquid component of blood that carries blood cells, nutrients, and waste products.

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Excretory System

The system in the body responsible for eliminating waste products.

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Kidneys

Bean-shaped organs that filter waste products from the blood.

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Fine Adjustment Knob

The fine adjustment knob on a microscope helps you bring the object into sharper focus by making small, precise adjustments to the distance between the objective lens and the slide.

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Revolving Nosepiece

The revolving nosepiece holds the objective lenses, which provide different levels of magnification. You can rotate the nosepiece to switch between these lenses.

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Objective Lenses

Objective lenses are the lenses that magnify the object you are viewing. Microscopes typically have three or four lenses that offer different magnification powers.

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Stage

The stage provides support for the slide that you are observing under the microscope.

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Stage Clips

Stage clips are used to hold the slide firmly in place on the stage, preventing it from moving around during observation.

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Diaphragm

The diaphragm controls the amount of light that passes through the object you are viewing. It has different sized holes to adjust the light intensity.

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Lamp

The lamp is a light source that provides illumination for viewing the object through the microscope.

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Arm

The arm is a sturdy part of the microscope that allows you to carry the microscope securely. Do not grab the microscope by the stage!

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Base

The base is the foundation of the microscope, providing a stable platform to support the entire structure.

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Nucleus

The nucleus is the control center of the cell, directing all the cell's activities such as movement, growth, and other life functions.

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Mitochondria

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for converting energy from food into a form the cell can use. They are like tiny power plants within the cell.

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Cell Membrane

The cell membrane is a thin layer that surrounds the cell. It controls what goes in and out of the cell, like a gatekeeper.

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Vacuole

Vacuoles are storage spaces within the cell. They store nutrients, water, and other substances. Plant cells usually have a large central vacuole.

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Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance that fills the cell. It holds all the nutrients needed by the cell to carry out its life processes.

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Cell Wall

The cell wall provides structural support and protection for plant cells. It is made of a tough material called cellulose. It is not found in animal cells.

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Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts are found in plant cells, particularly in the green parts of plants. They perform photosynthesis, the process of converting sunlight into energy.

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Agitation in Solubility

Stirring or shaking a solution, which increases the contact between solute and solvent particles, promoting faster dissolving.

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Surface Area in Solubility

Increasing the surface area of a solute, like crushing a solid, exposes more particles to the solvent, leading to faster dissolving.

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Temperature's Effect on Solubility

Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of particles in solution, causing them to move faster and collide more frequently, leading to faster dissolving.

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Pressure's Effect on Solubility

Increased pressure increases the solubility of gases in liquids. Think of carbonated drinks: the higher the pressure, the more dissolved CO2.

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Viscosity

The ability of a liquid to resist flowing, measured by its thickness or 'runniness'.

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Temperature's Effect on Viscosity

Heat reduces the viscosity of a liquid, making it flow faster. Think of hot honey being more runny than cold honey.

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Density

The amount of mass packed into a given volume. It's a measure of how 'heavy' something is for its size.

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Density Formula

Density is calculated by dividing mass by volume: Density = Mass / Volume.

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Temperature's Effect on Density

Temperature affects density: heating increases particle movement, pushing them apart, reducing density. Cooling brings particles closer, increasing density.

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Buoyancy

The upward force that opposes the weight of an object immersed in a fluid. It determines whether something floats or sinks.

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Plimsoll Line

Ships have markings called Plimsoll Lines to indicate safe loading limits in different water densities. Fresh water is less dense, so ships sit lower. Saltwater is denser, so ships can carry more weight.

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Compressibility of Gases and Liquids

Gases are highly compressible because particles are far apart. Liquids are almost incompressible because particles are close together.

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Pascal's Law

Pressure applied to a fluid in a closed system is transmitted equally in all directions. This principle is used in hydraulic systems.

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Calculating Pressure

Pressure is calculated by dividing force by area: Pressure = Force / Area.

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Pressure and Depth

Pressure increases as depth increases because the weight of the fluid above presses down.

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Hydraulic and Pneumatic Devices

Hydraulic systems use liquids to transfer pressure, while pneumatic systems use compressed air.

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Transparent

An object that allows all light to pass through it, forming no shadow.

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Translucent

An object that allows some light to pass through it, forming a faint shadow, but no clear image.

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Opaque

An object that blocks all light from passing through it, forming a distinct shadow.

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Smooth Reflection

A reflection where light rays bounce off a smooth surface in a uniform direction, resulting in a sharp image.

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Diffuse Reflection

A reflection where light rays scatter in different directions when hitting a rough surface, creating a blurry or diffused image.

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Reflectivity

The ability of a surface to reflect light effectively, often associated with its shininess and smoothness.

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Plane Mirror

A type of mirror with a flat reflecting surface, producing a virtual, upright, and laterally reversed image.

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Convex Mirror

A curved mirror that bulges outward, creating a virtual, upright, and diminished image that appears closer to the mirror.

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Concave Mirror

A curved mirror that curves inward, capable of forming real or virtual images depending on the object's distance.

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Focal Point

The point at which light rays converge after reflecting off a concave mirror.

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Refraction

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another, caused by a change in the speed of light.

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Angle of Refraction

The angle between the refracted light ray and the normal line (perpendicular to the surface) after light passes through a medium.

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Concave Lens

A lens thinner in the middle and thicker at the edges, causing light rays to spread apart or diverge.

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Convex Lens

A lens thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges, causing light rays to converge or focus at a point.

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Double Concave Lens

A lens that is concave on both sides, causing light rays to diverge even more than a single concave lens.

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Double Convex Lens

A lens Convex on both sides, causing light rays to converge strongly.

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Study Notes

WHMIS - Workplace Hazardous Material Information System

  • WHMIS is a workplace system for hazardous materials.

Fluids

  • Fluids have no fixed shape and flow.
  • Examples include soft drinks and detergents.
  • Slurries are mixtures of solid particles suspended in a liquid.

Pure Substances

  • Contain only one type of particle.
  • Can exist as liquid, solid, or gas.
  • Can be compounds or elements.

Compounds

  • Combinations of two or more elements.

Elements

  • Made of only one type of particle.

Mixtures

  • Combinations of two or more pure substances.
  • Properties of individual substances usually remain.
  • Can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Heterogeneous Mixtures

  • Different substances are easily seen.
  • Examples include trail mix and oil and vinegar dressing.

Homogeneous Mixtures

  • Appear as one substance.
  • Substances are evenly mixed.
  • Examples include sugar water and air.

Suspensions

  • Cloudy mixtures of tiny particles suspended in another substance.
  • Particles separate if left undisturbed.
  • Examples include muddy water and blood.

Colloids

  • Similar to suspensions, but particles do not separate.
  • Examples include smoke, fog, and milk.

Solutions

  • Formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent.

Solute

  • The material that dissolves.

Solvent

  • The material that does the dissolving.

Concentration

  • Measures the amount of solute dissolved in a specific amount of solvent.
  • Formula: g/mL

Saturated Solution

  • Holds the maximum amount of solute at a given temperature.

Unsaturated Solution

  • Can hold more solute at a given temperature.

Supersaturated Solution

  • Contains more solute than it should be able to hold at normal temperature

Solubility

  • The amount of solute that dissolves in a specific amount of solvent at a certain temperature to form a saturated solution.

Soluble Substances

  • Substances that dissolve in a given solvent.

Factors Affecting Solubility

  • Agitation: Stirring or shaking increases solubility.
  • Surface Area: Smaller solute particles dissolve faster.
  • Temperature: Higher temperatures usually increase solubility.
  • Pressure: Increased pressure increases the solubility of gases

Particle Model of Matter

  • All matter is made of tiny particles.
  • Particles have spaces between them.
  • Particles are always moving.
  • Particles are attracted to each other.

Viscosity

  • Viscosity is the thickness or runniness of a liquid.
  • High viscosity: Thick liquids flow slowly.
  • Low viscosity: Runny liquids flow quickly.
  • Temperature affects viscosity: Heating reduces viscosity, cooling increases it.

Density

  • Density is the amount of mass packed into a given volume.
  • Formula: Density = Mass / Volume
  • Higher density means heavier for its size.
  • Lower density means lighter for its size.
  • Temperature affects density: Heating decreases density, Cooling increases density.

Buoyancy

  • Buoyancy is the upward force that allows objects to float.
  • Objects less dense than the fluid float (positive buoyancy).
  • Objects more dense than the fluid sink (negative buoyancy).

Plimsoll Line

  • Marks on ships indicating safe loading limits for different water conditions, density.

Compressibility

  • Gases are highly compressible; liquids are almost incompressible.

Pascal’s Law

  • Pressure applied to a fluid in a closed system is transmitted equally in all directions.

Pressure

  • Pressure is force per unit area.
  • Formula: Pressure = Force / Area
  • Pressure increases with depth in a fluid.

Hydraulic and Pneumatic Devices

  • Hydraulics use liquids to transmit pressure, pneumatics use gases.

Diving and Decompression

  • Increased pressure underwater forces nitrogen into the blood.
  • Rapid ascent can create nitrogen bubbles (the bends).
  • Preventative measures include slow ascent and decompression stops.

Density and Pressure Technologies

  • Submarines control buoyancy via water/air in ballast tanks, adjust density.
  • Airplanes' cabins are pressurized for comfort at high altitudes.
  • Diving suits withstand extreme pressure underwater.

The Six Characteristics of Living Things

  • Made of cells.
  • Need energy.
  • Grow and develop.
  • Respond to the environment.
  • Reproduce.
  • Adapt to their environment.

Adaptations

  • Darwin’s finches developed beaks adapted to their environments.

Compound Light Microscope

  • Eyepiece: Magnifies the image.
  • Coarse adjustment knob: Moves the stage up and down for initial focus.
  • Fine adjustment knob: Fine-tunes focus.
  • Revolving nosepiece: Holds objective lenses.
  • Objective lenses: Various magnification powers.
  • Stage: Supports the microscope slide.
  • Stage clips: Holds the slide in place.
  • Diaphragm: Controls the amount of light.
  • Lamp: Provides light for viewing.
  • Arm: Supports the microscope.
  • Base: The foundation of the microscope.

Parts of a Cell

  • Nucleus: Controls cellular activities.
  • Mitochondria: Converts energy for cellular use.
  • Cell membrane: Regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
  • Vacuole: Stores nutrients, water, and waste.
  • Cytoplasm: Holds cell's nutrients.
  • Cell wall: Provides support (plant cells only).
  • Chloroplasts: Conduct photosynthesis (plant cells only).

Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells

  • Shape: Plant cells are usually rectangular, animal cells are irregular.
  • Cell walls: Plant cells have cell walls, animal cells do not.
  • Chloroplasts: Plant cells have chloroplasts, animal cells do not.
  • Vacuoles: Plant cells have one large vacuole, animal cells have many small ones.

Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms

  • Multicellular organisms are made of multiple cells.
  • Unicellular organisms are made of one cell.

Diffusion and Osmosis

  • Diffusion: Particles move from high to low concentration.
  • Osmosis: Water moves from high to low water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.

Selectively Permeable Membrane

  • Allows only certain particles to pass.

Specialized Tissues in Animals

  • Connective tissue: Supports and connects body parts (e.g., blood, bone).
  • Nervous tissue: Forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
  • Epithelial tissue: Covers body surfaces and organs.
  • Muscle tissue: Enables movement (e.g., cardiac muscle).

Specialized Tissues in Plants

  • Photosynthetic tissues: Conduct photosynthesis.
  • Protective tissues: Protect the plant from environment.
  • Transport tissues: Transport water and food (xylem and phloem).

Digestive System

  • Breaks down food into absorbable nutrients.
  • Order: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum.
  • Processes: Mechanical and chemical digestion, peristalsis.

Mouth

  • Chews food and mixes with saliva.

Esophagus

  • Tube connecting mouth to stomach; moves food via peristalsis.

Stomach

  • Mixes food with acids to break it down further.

Small Intestine

  • Site of most digestion and nutrient absorption (villi and microvilli).

Large Intestine

  • Absorbs water and salts from undigested material.

Rectum

  • Stores waste before elimination.

Respiratory System

  • Breathing system; brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
  • Order: Nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.
  • Processes: Gas exchange.

Nose

  • Filters and warms inhaled air.

Trachea

  • Windpipe; carries air to bronchi.

Bronchi

  • Branches from trachea; carry air to lungs.

Bronchioles

  • Smaller branches from bronchi; carry air deeper.

Alveoli

  • Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

Diaphragm

  • Muscle important for breathing.

Circulatory System

  • Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients.
  • Heart: Pumps blood (right side pumps to lungs, left side pumps to body).
  • Blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins) carry blood.

Blood Components

  • Red blood cells: Carry oxygen.
  • White blood cells: Fight infection.
  • Platelets: Stop bleeding.
  • Plasma: Liquid part of blood.

Excretory System

  • Removes waste products.
  • Organs: Kidneys, liver, skin.

Kidneys

  • Filter waste from blood.

Liver

  • Processes nutrients; breaks down waste.

Skin

  • Largest organ; excretes waste via sweat.

Nervous System

  • Controls movement, thoughts, and involuntary actions. (central and peripheral nervous systems, somatic and autonomic nervous systems).

Sensory Neurons

  • Receive signals from the external world.

Motor Neurons

  • Sends signals to muscles.

Nerve Parts

  • Dendrites: Receive signals.
  • Axon: Carries signals away from the cell body.
  • Cell body: Processes signals.

Significant Scientists

  • Edward Jenner: Developed the first vaccine (smallpox).
  • Louis Pasteur: Discovered germs; invented pasteurization; developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax.
  • Joseph Lister: Introduced antiseptic surgery.

Factors Affecting Health

  • Diet, exercise, sleep, stress, and environment impact health.

Scurvy

  • Vitamin C deficiency.

Optical Systems

  • Microscopes, telescopes, and binoculars use light to view objects.

Law of Reflection

  • Angle of incidence equals angle of reflection.

Luminous vs. Nonluminous Objects

  • Luminous objects produce light.
  • Nonluminous objects don't.

Light Transmission

  • Transparent objects allow light through.
  • Translucent objects allow some light through.
  • Opaque objects block light.

Smooth vs Diffuse Reflection

  • Smooth surfaces reflect light regularly (specular reflection).
  • Rough surfaces scatter light (diffuse reflection).

Mirrors

  • Plane mirrors: Flat, produce virtual, upright, laterally reversed images.
  • Convex mirrors: Curves outward, produce virtual, upright, reduced images.
  • Concave mirrors: Curves inward, produce either real or virtual images (depending on object position), inverted or upright (depending on position), larger or smaller (depending on position).

Refraction

  • Light changes speed and bends when passing through different mediums.

Lenses

  • Concave lenses: Diverging, spread light.
  • Convex lenses: Converging, focus light.

Focal Point

  • Point where light rays converge.

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Description

Test your knowledge in biology and chemistry with this quiz that covers topics such as mixtures, solutions, blood components, and the nervous system. Challenge yourself with questions about the properties of substances and key biological processes.

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