Biology and Chemistry Concepts Overview

Questions and Answers

Which of the following describes the state of matter at the critical point on a phase diagram? (Select all that apply)

Liquid and gas coexist (correct)

Solid and liquid coexist

Solid and gas coexist

Solid, liquid, and gas coexist

Which of the following is not a part of the respiratory system?

Bronchioles

Esophagus (correct)

Trachea

Alveoli

Which of the following crosses would always produce all tall, red-flowering plants?

RRTt x rrTT (correct)

RrTt x RrTt

RrTT x Rrtt

Rrtt x RRtt

Which of the following does not happen during relaxation of a muscle?

Elongation of actin and myosin filament Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following macromolecules contains side linkages?

Protein Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of connective tissue?

Blood Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following regions of the kidney is only water reabsorbed?

Descending loop of Henle Signup and view all the answers

What measurement device should be used to measure 0.05L of water for preparing a 1M NaCl solution?

Volumetric pipette Signup and view all the answers

What is a component of the antigen-specific cellular immune response?

The release of antibodies by plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a spinal nerve?

Sciatic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly characterizes the mechanism by which the body responds to increased temperatures?

Sweat is produced by sebaceous glands; the evaporation of water is exothermic and removes heat from the body Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is correct about the cardiovascular system?

Arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most likely to increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

Decreasing the activation energy Signup and view all the answers

What organ maintains fluid balance in the body?

Kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the smallest unit of measurement?

25ml Signup and view all the answers

An increase in what blood cell would be expected following prolonged exposure to a low oxygen atmosphere?

Erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What describes the difference, if any, between neurons of a healthy individual and neurons of a person with myasthenia gravis?

The neurons of a healthy individual behave similarly to neurons of a person with myasthenia gravis Signup and view all the answers

What best describes how the drug pyridostigmine improves muscle function in people with myasthenia gravis?

It increases the concentration of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction Signup and view all the answers

What would be the least likely to occur in the muscle cells of an individual with myasthenia gravis?

Increased lactic acid production Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormone actions describes a positive feedback loop?

A release of oxytocin leads to uterine contractions, which lead to more oxytocin release and stronger contractions Signup and view all the answers

What organelle is responsible for breaking down cellular waste?

Lysosome Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of zymogen?

Trypsinogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the epidermis?

Providing a waterproof barrier Signup and view all the answers

A blockage in the blood vessels of the lungs would lead to an immediate increase in blood pressure in which of the following blood vessels?

Pulmonary artery Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not reabsorbed at the renal tubule of the nephron?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an extensive property?

Mass Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones would be expected to increase after an individual consumes a meal high in calcium?

Calcitonin Signup and view all the answers

To elevate blood glucose levels, the pancreas releases _ when blood sugar levels are low, stimulating the breakdown of __

Glucagon; glycogen Signup and view all the answers

Multiple sclerosis, a neuromuscular disorder that results in uncoordinated muscle movement, is caused by damage to what?

Myelin sheath Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the heat transfer mechanism by which the sudoriferous glands cool the body?

Evaporation Signup and view all the answers

The renal corpuscle is made up of?

Bowman's capsule and glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

The _ carries blood away from the heart, while the carries ___ blood toward the heart.

Pulmonary artery; deoxygenated; pulmonary vein; oxygenated Signup and view all the answers

Vista noticed that a plant he had placed on the sill of a south-facing window had grown much taller than a similar plant that was located on the sill of a north-facing window. Vista's observation could serve as a basis to:

Form a hypothesis that could be tested Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would not be expected to result in a weakened or absent immune response?

The body's misidentification of healthy joint cells as foreign Signup and view all the answers

What describes the role of a ligament? A tendon?

Ligament- connects bone to bone; Tendon- connects bone to muscle Signup and view all the answers

Gas exchange occurs in the lungs through which of the following mechanisms?

Diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aids fat absorption by emulsifying lipid particles in the small intestine?

Bile Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a hormone released by the anterior pituitary?

Parathyroid hormone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the alimentary canal?

Pancreas Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT made up of macromolecules?

Carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the hormonal regulation of calcium in the blood?

Parathyroid hormone lowers calcium levels in the blood, calcitonin releases calcium from the bone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following controls the rate of respiration?

Medulla oblongata Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of an autoimmune disease?

The body's white blood cells misidentifying liver cells as pathogenic and attacking these cells, causing chronic inflammation Signup and view all the answers

If a bucket of ice is left out at room temperature and immediately begins to melt, what should a graph of the temperature and melted water over time look like?

The water will stay at 0°C for a while before increasing continuously until it reaches 25°C Signup and view all the answers

Although the number can vary between individuals and decreases with age, young men produce roughly 160 million sperm in their testicles each day through the process of meiosis. How many original diploid cells are required, before meiosis, to create this many sperm?

40 million Signup and view all the answers

How is it possible that 100°C steam can cause more severe burns than 100°C water?

Steam carries more heat energy than does water due to the heat of vaporization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of the innate immune system?

Natural killer cells, which attack cells with abnormal antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would correct the state of respiratory acidosis and bring blood pH back to normal?

Favoring CO2 in the bicarbonate buffering system Signup and view all the answers

What is cytokinesis?

The division of the cell plasm Signup and view all the answers

The cytoplasmic organelle containing fluid filled tubules for carrying and transporting substances is known as the?

Endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

The ultimate end product of glucose breakdown in glycolysis is?

Pyruvic acid Signup and view all the answers

Protein synthesis occurs in the while glycolysis occurs in the .

Ribosomes; cytosol Signup and view all the answers

Which correctly pairs a metabolic process with its site of occurrence?

Electron transport chain - mitochondrial membrane Signup and view all the answers

Movement of substances in and out of the cell occurs through the cell membrane known as?

Active and passive transport Signup and view all the answers

The dominant mode of carbon dioxide transport in the body is through?

Bicarbonate Signup and view all the answers

The end products of anaerobic respiration in humans are?

Lactic acid and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

______ stem cells are the type of stem cells that have the ability to develop into any cell found in the human body.

Totipotent Signup and view all the answers

________ is the enzyme that adds new nucleotide in the growing DNA chain.

Polymerase Signup and view all the answers

The _____ is the maximum volume of air contained in the lung by a full forced inhalation. It is also called maximum lung volume.

Total lung capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pleurae?

To compartmentalize and lubricate the lung Signup and view all the answers

The end-product of glycolysis is?

Pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

_____ is the condition when the blood contains a high percentage of carbon dioxide and very low percentage of oxygen.

Asphyxia Signup and view all the answers

_____ are biological cells that are undifferentiated and can differentiate into specialized cells.

Stem cells Signup and view all the answers

What do you call a change in the body's structure over time?

Development in biology Signup and view all the answers

_ is the maximum amount of air that a person can expel from the lungs after maximum inhalation.

Vital capacity Signup and view all the answers

What do you call an organism that is able to produce its own food?

Autotroph Signup and view all the answers

_____¥ is the final product of the Calvin cycle.

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate Signup and view all the answers

_____ stem cells are those that give rise to all types of blood cells in the human body.

Hematopoietic stem cells Signup and view all the answers

The water soluble vitamin not produced in the large intestine is:

Pantothenic acid is also known as Vitamin B5 Signup and view all the answers

Which metal cation is found at the center of heme?

Iron II Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Critical Points on Matter and Biology

At the critical point in a phase diagram, liquid and gas coexist.
The esophagus is not a part of the respiratory system; the trachea, bronchioles, and alveoli are included.
To ensure always producing tall red-flowering plants, a cross of RRTt x rrTT is essential.

Muscle Relaxation and Structure

During muscle relaxation, actin and myosin filament elongation does not occur; rather, antagonistic muscles contract and calcium is removed from the cytoplasm.

Macromolecules and Connective Tissues

Proteins contain side linkages and are a type of macromolecule.
Blood qualifies as a type of connective tissue.

Kidney Function

The descending loop of Henle of the kidney only reabsorbs water.
Proteins are not reabsorbed at the renal tubule of the nephron.

Laboratory Techniques and Measurement

A volumetric pipette should be used for measuring 0.05L of water when preparing solutions.

Immune Responses and Hormonal Regulation

Plasma cells are responsible for the release of antibodies in the antigen-specific immune response.
A positive feedback loop is characterized by oxytocin release leading to stronger uterine contractions.

Cardiovascular System and Chemical Reactions

Arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins, essential for their function.
Decreasing activation energy is likely to increase the rate of a chemical reaction.

Body Regulation and Organ Functions

Kidneys maintain fluid balance in the body, essential for homeostasis.
The medulla oblongata controls the rate of respiration in humans.

Inheritance and Genetic Principles

Multiple sclerosis results from damage to the myelin sheath, impacting muscle coordination.
The maximum lung volume is referred to as total lung capacity.

Cell Biology and Metabolism

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, while protein synthesis takes place in ribosomes.
The end products of anaerobic respiration in humans include lactic acid and carbon dioxide due to incomplete glucose breakdown.

Additional Important Concepts

Steam at 100°C can cause more severe burns than 100°C water due to carrying more heat energy.
Bicarbonate is the dominant method for carbon dioxide transport in the body.
Stem cells, including totipotent and hematopoietic types, can differentiate into specialized cells, playing a crucial role in development.
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is the final product of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis.

Vitamins and Nutrients

Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5) is a water-soluble vitamin that is not produced in the large intestine.

Heme and Iron

Iron (II) is the central metal cation found in heme, essential for oxygen transport in blood.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers key concepts in biology and chemistry, including critical points in phase diagrams, muscle anatomy, macromolecules, kidney functions, and laboratory techniques. It's designed for students to test their understanding of these intertwined scientific principles.