Biology ACST 112 - Chapter 6: ATP Production
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Questions and Answers

What process releases energy that is stored in ATP?

The breakdown of organic molecules

What are the two main types of cellular respiration?

Aerobic and anaerobic

Anaerobic respiration requires oxygen.

False

What are the four stages of aerobic respiration?

<p>Glycolysis, Formation of acetyl coenzyme A, Citric acid cycle, Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does glycolysis take place?

<p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is oxidized in cellular respiration?

<p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two products of glycolysis?

<p>Pyruvate and ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

During glycolysis, what is produced in addition to ATP?

<p>NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process where a gradient of protons is established across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

<p>Chemiosmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fermentation requires oxygen.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two common types of fermentation?

<p>Lactic acid fermentation and Alcohol fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to what?

<p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced by NADH to form what?

<p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?

<p>Sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fermentation produces more ATP than aerobic respiration.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule is used as a fuel source for cellular respiration?

<p>Organic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

The citric acid cycle is part of aerobic respiration.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

<p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the end products of anaerobic respiration?

<p>Carbon dioxide, reduced inorganic substances, and ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biology ACST 112 - Chapter 6: How Cells Make ATP: Energy-Releasing Pathways

  • Learning Objectives: Students will be able to:
    • Write a summary reaction for aerobic respiration, showing oxidized and reduced reactants.
    • List and briefly describe the four stages of aerobic respiration.
    • Indicate the location of each stage of aerobic respiration in a eukaryotic cell.
    • Define chemiosmosis and describe how a proton gradient is established across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
    • Compare and contrast anaerobic respiration and fermentation, including ATP formation mechanisms, final electron acceptors, and end products.

Overview

  • Living cells require energy from external sources.
  • Animals obtain energy from eating plants or other animals.
  • Energy enters ecosystems as sunlight and leaves as heat.
  • Photosynthesis makes organic molecules.
  • Cells use energy from organic molecules to regenerate ATP, powering cellular work.

Catabolism and ATP Production

  • Breakdown of organic molecules is exergonic (releases energy).
  • This occurs through cellular respiration, which can be aerobic or anaerobic.
  • Aerobic respiration requires oxygen.
  • Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen, and includes fermentation.
  • Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and oxygen, producing ATP.
  • Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration, but uses compounds other than oxygen.
  • Fermentation is a partial sugar breakdown process that occurs without oxygen.

Redox Reactions

  • Redox reactions involve electron transfer between molecules.
  • Oxidation is loss of electrons; reduction is gain of electrons.
  • Cellular respiration is a redox process.
  • Glucose is oxidized, and oxygen ultimately is reduced.

The Four Stages of Aerobic Respiration

  • Cellular respiration involves the oxidation of glucose.
  • The stages are: glycolysis, formation of acetyl coenzyme A, citric acid cycle, and electron transport and chemiosmosis.
  • Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
  • Formation of acetyl coenzyme A, citric acid cycle, and electron transport and chemiosmosis occur in the mitochondria.
  • Prokaryotes lack mitochondria; these processes occur in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane.

Glycolysis (Glucose Splitting)

  • Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration.
  • It’s a series of 10 biochemical reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules.
  • Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of all living cells.
  • Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules.

Formation of Acetyl Coenzyme A

  • Each pyruvate is oxidized to a 2-carbon acetyl group (acetyl coenzyme A).
  • NADH is produced. 
  • Carbon dioxide is released.

The Citric Acid Cycle

  • The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
  • Citrate is recycled to oxaloacetate.
  • Carbon dioxide is released.
  • Energy is captured as ATP, NADH, and FADH₂.

Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis

  • Electrons from NADH and FADH₂ are passed to an electron transport chain.
  • Electrons are passed to the final electron acceptor, oxygen, forming water.
  • Energy is used to pump protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a gradient.
  • Chemiosmosis: H+ gradient used to generate ATP via ATP synthase.

Summary of Glucose Aerobic Respiration

  • Total ATP production from glucose oxidation is 32-34 ATP.

Fermentation and Anaerobic Respiration

  • Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable ATP production without oxygen, often in the absence of oxygen.
  • Glycolysis can occur in the absence of oxygen, coupled with fermentation or anaerobic respiration for ATP production.
  • Anaerobic respiration uses an electron transport chain with an electron acceptor other than oxygen (e.g., sulfate).
  • Fermentation has no electron transport chain and uses an organic molecule (e.g., pyruvate) to re-oxidize NADH.

Types of Fermentation

  • Common types: alcoholic and lactic acid fermentations.
  • Alcohol fermentation: pyruvate is converted to ethanol, releasing CO2.
  • Lactic acid fermentation: pyruvate is reduced directly to lactate, with no CO₂ release.

Anaerobic Respiration

  • Anaerobic respiration uses electron acceptors other than oxygen in electron transport chains.
  • End products are carbon dioxide, reduced inorganic substances, and ATP.

Fermentation vs. Aerobic Respiration

  • Both use glycolysis to oxidize glucose to pyruvate.
  • Different final electron acceptors: organic molecules in fermentation; oxygen in aerobic respiration.
  • Aerobic respiration produces 30-32 ATP; fermentation produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule.

Energy Yield of Nutrients Other Than Glucose

  • Many organisms use nutrients other than glucose for energy.
  • Fatty acids and amino acids are digested and used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to generate ATP.

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Biology ACST 112 Chapter 6: How Cells Make ATP PDF

Description

This quiz covers Chapter 6 of ACST 112, focusing on how cells produce ATP through aerobic respiration. Students will summarize the key reactions, describe the four stages of aerobic respiration, and differentiate between anaerobic respiration and fermentation. It also explores the role of chemiosmosis in energy production within cells.

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