Biology 2420 - Exam 4 Study Notes
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Questions and Answers

What is a common outcome of mycoses in immune compromised individuals?

  • Permanent immune dysfunction makes cure unlikely (correct)
  • Enhanced immune response to fungal infections
  • Temporary fungal colonization
  • Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections

    • How is Entamoeba histolytica primarily transmitted?

  • Via bites from infected insects
  • By drinking contaminated water (correct)
  • Direct person-to-person contact
  • Through inhalation of contaminated air

    • Which of the following accurately characterizes ringworm?

  • An autoimmune skin condition
  • A highly contagious bacterial infection
  • A fungal infection of the skin, nails, or hair (correct)
  • A viral infection that affects the skin

    • What is the main disease associated with Neisseria species?

    <p>Gonorrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of infection by Naegleria fowleri?

    <p>It leads to hemorrhage and coma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary vector for Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease?

    <p>Bites from insects in the Triatoma genus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virulence factor allows Neisseria gonorrhoeae to evade the immune system?

    <p>Opa proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is primarily affected by Neisseria meningitidis infections?

    <p>Individuals under 20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign is associated with the acute stage of Chagas' disease?

    <p>Chagomas (swelling at bite sites)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic symptom of invasive amebic dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica?

    <p>Severe diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual route of transmission for gonorrhea?

    <p>Sexual encounters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of gonorrheal infection on infants?

    <p>Ophthalmia neonatorum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about vaginal candidiasis is true?

    <p>It is caused by yeast infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What morphology does Neisseria exhibit?

    <p>Diplococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of gram-negative hospital-acquired infections in the US?

    <p>Salmonella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the prevention of Neisseria meningitidis is true?

    <p>Vaccination protects against serogroups A, C, Y, and W.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of infection for Fasciola hepatica?

    <p>Ingestion of metacercariae from aquatic vegetation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism causes cystercosis?

    <p>Taenia solium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the principal definitive hosts for Schistosoma?

    <p>Humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with Fasciola hepatica infection?

    <p>Bile duct obstruction and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Ascaris lumbricoides typically go unnoticed until they cause a problem?

    <p>They live unnoticed until they block intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential severe outcome of schistosomiasis if left untreated?

    <p>Fatal calcification of eggs in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is known as the fish tapeworm?

    <p>Diphyllobothrium latum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the transmission method for cercariae from Schistosoma?

    <p>Burrowing through the skin after contact with contaminated water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of media is MacConkey considered to be?

    <p>Selective and differential for gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a coliform?

    <p>Indicator organisms that ferment lactose rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of E.coli O157:H7?

    <p>It produces Shiga-like toxin and is highly pathogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common sources of human infections caused by Salmonella?

    <p>Food contaminated by animal feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary characteristics of Shigella infections?

    <p>Severe dysentery leading to pus and bloody stools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diseases are caused by Yersinia, and which is more fatal?

    <p>Bubonic plague and pneumonic plague; pneumonic is more fatal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is pertussis (whooping cough) primarily contracted?

    <p>Inhalation of aerosols containing the bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable treatment method for Shigella infections?

    <p>Fluid and electrolyte replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is the most common nematode infection of humans worldwide?

    <p>Enterobius vermicularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is commonly associated with Ancylostoma duodenale infection?

    <p>Pica and anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Trichinella spiralis typically infect a host?

    <p>By consuming undercooked pork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom might occur if a pinworm infection is symptomatic?

    <p>Intense perianal itching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for hookworm infections?

    <p>Entry through the skin from soil larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with Reyes' syndrome?

    <p>Exposure to influenza and chickenpox with aspirin use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the lifecycle of Trichinella spiralis?

    <p>Adults produce larvae that invade muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the pinworm's reproductive behavior?

    <p>Females lay eggs in the surroundings and on skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Human Herpes Virus 1 (HHV-1)?

    <p>Close contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a characteristic of Mononucleosis?

    <p>Replication occurs in resting memory B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is the Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)?

    <p>Stable during transport/storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease is primarily associated with the Aedes mosquito?

    <p>Dengue Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does one acquire immunity against Rhinoviruses?

    <p>By contracting the virus and acquiring antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is postpolio syndrome characterized by?

    <p>Crippling deterioration in polio-affected muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is commonly associated with infection by Adenoviruses?

    <p>Fever and sore throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) is accurate?

    <p>Induces secretory antibody response similar to natural infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biology 2420 - Exam 4 Study Notes

    • General Study Guidelines:
      • Match organisms to diseases (across all chapters)
      • Understand disease effects, infection routes, and vectors

    Chapter 20 - Gram Negative Cocci & Bacilli

    • Neisseria Diseases:
      • Gonorrhea, meningitis
      • Gonorrhea: secretes IgA protease, survives neutrophils, antigenic variability, Opa proteins bind T cells
      • Meningitis: normal upper respiratory tract microbiota
      • Morphology: diplococci
    • Gonorrhea Transmission/Treatment/Infant Effects:
      • Transmission: sexual contact
      • Treatment: complicated by resistant strains; broad spectrum cephalosporins
      • Infant effects: ophthalmia neonatorum (infant blindness)
    • Neisseria Meningitidis:
      • Vaccination protects against serogroups A, C, Y, and W (not B)
    • Gram-Negative Hospital Infections (US):
      • Escherichia, Proteus, Pseudomonas

    Chapter 21 - Intracellular Bacteria

    • Rickettsia Diseases:
      • Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF)
      • Epidemic typhus
      • Murine typhus
      • Vector: ticks and/or lice
    • Ehrlichia:
      • Infections reproduce in leukocytes(WBCs)
      • RMSF, ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis are common in Texas
    • Sexually Transmitted Disease - Chlamydia:
      • Leading cause of trachoma and sterility
    • Syphilis:
      • Causative organism: Treponema pallidum pallidum

    Chapter 22 - Fungal Pathogens

    • Systemic Mycoses:
      • Histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis
      • Pathogenesis: inhalation of spores, phagocytosis by macrophages, spread through bloodstream.
      • Symptoms: asymptomatic or nonspecific
    • Opportunistic Fungal Infections:
      • Candidiasis (oral thrush, vaginal yeast infection), common microbiota

    Chapter 23 - Protozoans

    • Entamoeba Histolytica:
      • Transmission: ingestion of contaminated water
      • Symptoms: Asymptomatic, invasive amebic dysentery (severe diarrhea), colitis
    • Naegleria Fowleri:
      • Transmission: inhalation of contaminated water
      • High mortality rate
    • Trypanosoma cruzi:
      • Chagas disease and possibly heart failure infection
      • Transmission: insect bites (Triatoma)

    Chapter 24 - DNA Viruses

    • Smallpox (Variola major):
      • Highly contagious, high mortality rate
      • Eradication due to effective vaccination
    • Human Herpes Viruses (HHV):
      • HHV-1 (cold sores), HHV-2 (genital herpes)
    • Mononucleosis:
      • Caused by Epstein-Barr virus, symptoms: fever, fatigue, lymphadenopathy
    • Adenoviruses:
      • Respiratory infections (common cold)
    • Hepatitis B Virus (HBV):
      • Liver inflammation, potential for chronic infection

    Chapter 25 - RNA Viruses

    • Rhinoviruses:
      • Common cold
      • Transmission through respiratory droplets
    • Polio:
      • Transmission: Person-to-person, contaminated food/water
      • Prevention: Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) or Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)
    • Dengue Fever:
      • Mosquito-borne, potential for hemorrhagic fever
      • No treatment for severe form
    • Rubella:
      • Virus transmission causes serious birth defects in children
      • Common infection in children, transmission through respiratory droplets
    • Influenza (Flu):
      • Caused by RNA virus, symptoms: fever, malaise, muscle aches
      • Treatment can be effective if treatment begins promptly.

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    Related Documents

    BIOL 2420 Exam 4 Study Guide Fall 2024 PDF

    Description

    Prepare for your Biology 2420 Exam 4 with these comprehensive study notes. Cover topics such as gram-negative cocci and bacilli, and intracellular bacteria, focusing on disease mechanisms, transmission, and treatment options. Review key pathogens and their associated infections to enhance your understanding.

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