Biology 2420 - Exam 4 Study Notes
48 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a common outcome of mycoses in immune compromised individuals?

  • Permanent immune dysfunction makes cure unlikely (correct)
  • Enhanced immune response to fungal infections
  • Temporary fungal colonization
  • Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections

    • How is Entamoeba histolytica primarily transmitted?

  • Via bites from infected insects
  • By drinking contaminated water (correct)
  • Direct person-to-person contact
  • Through inhalation of contaminated air

    • Which of the following accurately characterizes ringworm?

  • An autoimmune skin condition
  • A highly contagious bacterial infection
  • A fungal infection of the skin, nails, or hair (correct)
  • A viral infection that affects the skin

    • What is the main disease associated with Neisseria species?

    <p>Gonorrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of infection by Naegleria fowleri?

    <p>It leads to hemorrhage and coma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary vector for Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease?

    <p>Bites from insects in the Triatoma genus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virulence factor allows Neisseria gonorrhoeae to evade the immune system?

    <p>Opa proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is primarily affected by Neisseria meningitidis infections?

    <p>Individuals under 20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign is associated with the acute stage of Chagas' disease?

    <p>Chagomas (swelling at bite sites)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic symptom of invasive amebic dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica?

    <p>Severe diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual route of transmission for gonorrhea?

    <p>Sexual encounters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of gonorrheal infection on infants?

    <p>Ophthalmia neonatorum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about vaginal candidiasis is true?

    <p>It is caused by yeast infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What morphology does Neisseria exhibit?

    <p>Diplococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of gram-negative hospital-acquired infections in the US?

    <p>Salmonella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the prevention of Neisseria meningitidis is true?

    <p>Vaccination protects against serogroups A, C, Y, and W.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of infection for Fasciola hepatica?

    <p>Ingestion of metacercariae from aquatic vegetation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism causes cystercosis?

    <p>Taenia solium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the principal definitive hosts for Schistosoma?

    <p>Humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with Fasciola hepatica infection?

    <p>Bile duct obstruction and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Ascaris lumbricoides typically go unnoticed until they cause a problem?

    <p>They live unnoticed until they block intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential severe outcome of schistosomiasis if left untreated?

    <p>Fatal calcification of eggs in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is known as the fish tapeworm?

    <p>Diphyllobothrium latum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the transmission method for cercariae from Schistosoma?

    <p>Burrowing through the skin after contact with contaminated water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of media is MacConkey considered to be?

    <p>Selective and differential for gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a coliform?

    <p>Indicator organisms that ferment lactose rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of E.coli O157:H7?

    <p>It produces Shiga-like toxin and is highly pathogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common sources of human infections caused by Salmonella?

    <p>Food contaminated by animal feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary characteristics of Shigella infections?

    <p>Severe dysentery leading to pus and bloody stools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diseases are caused by Yersinia, and which is more fatal?

    <p>Bubonic plague and pneumonic plague; pneumonic is more fatal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is pertussis (whooping cough) primarily contracted?

    <p>Inhalation of aerosols containing the bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable treatment method for Shigella infections?

    <p>Fluid and electrolyte replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is the most common nematode infection of humans worldwide?

    <p>Enterobius vermicularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is commonly associated with Ancylostoma duodenale infection?

    <p>Pica and anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Trichinella spiralis typically infect a host?

    <p>By consuming undercooked pork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom might occur if a pinworm infection is symptomatic?

    <p>Intense perianal itching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for hookworm infections?

    <p>Entry through the skin from soil larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with Reyes' syndrome?

    <p>Exposure to influenza and chickenpox with aspirin use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the lifecycle of Trichinella spiralis?

    <p>Adults produce larvae that invade muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the pinworm's reproductive behavior?

    <p>Females lay eggs in the surroundings and on skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Human Herpes Virus 1 (HHV-1)?

    <p>Close contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a characteristic of Mononucleosis?

    <p>Replication occurs in resting memory B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is the Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)?

    <p>Stable during transport/storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease is primarily associated with the Aedes mosquito?

    <p>Dengue Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does one acquire immunity against Rhinoviruses?

    <p>By contracting the virus and acquiring antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is postpolio syndrome characterized by?

    <p>Crippling deterioration in polio-affected muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is commonly associated with infection by Adenoviruses?

    <p>Fever and sore throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) is accurate?

    <p>Induces secretory antibody response similar to natural infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biology 2420 - Exam 4 Study Notes

    • General Study Guidelines:
      • Match organisms to diseases (across all chapters)
      • Understand disease effects, infection routes, and vectors

    Chapter 20 - Gram Negative Cocci & Bacilli

    • Neisseria Diseases:
      • Gonorrhea, meningitis
      • Gonorrhea: secretes IgA protease, survives neutrophils, antigenic variability, Opa proteins bind T cells
      • Meningitis: normal upper respiratory tract microbiota
      • Morphology: diplococci
    • Gonorrhea Transmission/Treatment/Infant Effects:
      • Transmission: sexual contact
      • Treatment: complicated by resistant strains; broad spectrum cephalosporins
      • Infant effects: ophthalmia neonatorum (infant blindness)
    • Neisseria Meningitidis:
      • Vaccination protects against serogroups A, C, Y, and W (not B)
    • Gram-Negative Hospital Infections (US):
      • Escherichia, Proteus, Pseudomonas

    Chapter 21 - Intracellular Bacteria

    • Rickettsia Diseases:
      • Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF)
      • Epidemic typhus
      • Murine typhus
      • Vector: ticks and/or lice
    • Ehrlichia:
      • Infections reproduce in leukocytes(WBCs)
      • RMSF, ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis are common in Texas
    • Sexually Transmitted Disease - Chlamydia:
      • Leading cause of trachoma and sterility
    • Syphilis:
      • Causative organism: Treponema pallidum pallidum

    Chapter 22 - Fungal Pathogens

    • Systemic Mycoses:
      • Histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis
      • Pathogenesis: inhalation of spores, phagocytosis by macrophages, spread through bloodstream.
      • Symptoms: asymptomatic or nonspecific
    • Opportunistic Fungal Infections:
      • Candidiasis (oral thrush, vaginal yeast infection), common microbiota

    Chapter 23 - Protozoans

    • Entamoeba Histolytica:
      • Transmission: ingestion of contaminated water
      • Symptoms: Asymptomatic, invasive amebic dysentery (severe diarrhea), colitis
    • Naegleria Fowleri:
      • Transmission: inhalation of contaminated water
      • High mortality rate
    • Trypanosoma cruzi:
      • Chagas disease and possibly heart failure infection
      • Transmission: insect bites (Triatoma)

    Chapter 24 - DNA Viruses

    • Smallpox (Variola major):
      • Highly contagious, high mortality rate
      • Eradication due to effective vaccination
    • Human Herpes Viruses (HHV):
      • HHV-1 (cold sores), HHV-2 (genital herpes)
    • Mononucleosis:
      • Caused by Epstein-Barr virus, symptoms: fever, fatigue, lymphadenopathy
    • Adenoviruses:
      • Respiratory infections (common cold)
    • Hepatitis B Virus (HBV):
      • Liver inflammation, potential for chronic infection

    Chapter 25 - RNA Viruses

    • Rhinoviruses:
      • Common cold
      • Transmission through respiratory droplets
    • Polio:
      • Transmission: Person-to-person, contaminated food/water
      • Prevention: Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) or Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)
    • Dengue Fever:
      • Mosquito-borne, potential for hemorrhagic fever
      • No treatment for severe form
    • Rubella:
      • Virus transmission causes serious birth defects in children
      • Common infection in children, transmission through respiratory droplets
    • Influenza (Flu):
      • Caused by RNA virus, symptoms: fever, malaise, muscle aches
      • Treatment can be effective if treatment begins promptly.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    BIOL 2420 Exam 4 Study Guide Fall 2024 PDF

    Description

    Prepare for your Biology 2420 Exam 4 with these comprehensive study notes. Cover topics such as gram-negative cocci and bacilli, and intracellular bacteria, focusing on disease mechanisms, transmission, and treatment options. Review key pathogens and their associated infections to enhance your understanding.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser