Biology 2420 - Exam 4 Study Notes
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Questions and Answers

What is a common outcome of mycoses in immune compromised individuals?

  • Permanent immune dysfunction makes cure unlikely (correct)
  • Enhanced immune response to fungal infections
  • Temporary fungal colonization
  • Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections

How is Entamoeba histolytica primarily transmitted?

  • Via bites from infected insects
  • By drinking contaminated water (correct)
  • Direct person-to-person contact
  • Through inhalation of contaminated air

Which of the following accurately characterizes ringworm?

  • An autoimmune skin condition
  • A highly contagious bacterial infection
  • A fungal infection of the skin, nails, or hair (correct)
  • A viral infection that affects the skin

What is the main disease associated with Neisseria species?

<p>Gonorrhea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of infection by Naegleria fowleri?

<p>It leads to hemorrhage and coma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary vector for Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease?

<p>Bites from insects in the Triatoma genus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virulence factor allows Neisseria gonorrhoeae to evade the immune system?

<p>Opa proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is primarily affected by Neisseria meningitidis infections?

<p>Individuals under 20 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sign is associated with the acute stage of Chagas' disease?

<p>Chagomas (swelling at bite sites) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom of invasive amebic dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica?

<p>Severe diarrhea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual route of transmission for gonorrhea?

<p>Sexual encounters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of gonorrheal infection on infants?

<p>Ophthalmia neonatorum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about vaginal candidiasis is true?

<p>It is caused by yeast infection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What morphology does Neisseria exhibit?

<p>Diplococcus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of gram-negative hospital-acquired infections in the US?

<p>Salmonella (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the prevention of Neisseria meningitidis is true?

<p>Vaccination protects against serogroups A, C, Y, and W. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of infection for Fasciola hepatica?

<p>Ingestion of metacercariae from aquatic vegetation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism causes cystercosis?

<p>Taenia solium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the principal definitive hosts for Schistosoma?

<p>Humans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with Fasciola hepatica infection?

<p>Bile duct obstruction and inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Ascaris lumbricoides typically go unnoticed until they cause a problem?

<p>They live unnoticed until they block intestines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential severe outcome of schistosomiasis if left untreated?

<p>Fatal calcification of eggs in tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is known as the fish tapeworm?

<p>Diphyllobothrium latum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the transmission method for cercariae from Schistosoma?

<p>Burrowing through the skin after contact with contaminated water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of media is MacConkey considered to be?

<p>Selective and differential for gram-negative bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a coliform?

<p>Indicator organisms that ferment lactose rapidly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of E.coli O157:H7?

<p>It produces Shiga-like toxin and is highly pathogenic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common sources of human infections caused by Salmonella?

<p>Food contaminated by animal feces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary characteristics of Shigella infections?

<p>Severe dysentery leading to pus and bloody stools (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diseases are caused by Yersinia, and which is more fatal?

<p>Bubonic plague and pneumonic plague; pneumonic is more fatal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is pertussis (whooping cough) primarily contracted?

<p>Inhalation of aerosols containing the bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable treatment method for Shigella infections?

<p>Fluid and electrolyte replacement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is the most common nematode infection of humans worldwide?

<p>Enterobius vermicularis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is commonly associated with Ancylostoma duodenale infection?

<p>Pica and anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Trichinella spiralis typically infect a host?

<p>By consuming undercooked pork (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom might occur if a pinworm infection is symptomatic?

<p>Intense perianal itching (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission for hookworm infections?

<p>Entry through the skin from soil larvae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with Reyes' syndrome?

<p>Exposure to influenza and chickenpox with aspirin use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the lifecycle of Trichinella spiralis?

<p>Adults produce larvae that invade muscle tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the pinworm's reproductive behavior?

<p>Females lay eggs in the surroundings and on skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Human Herpes Virus 1 (HHV-1)?

<p>Close contact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a characteristic of Mononucleosis?

<p>Replication occurs in resting memory B cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine is the Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)?

<p>Stable during transport/storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease is primarily associated with the Aedes mosquito?

<p>Dengue Fever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does one acquire immunity against Rhinoviruses?

<p>By contracting the virus and acquiring antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is postpolio syndrome characterized by?

<p>Crippling deterioration in polio-affected muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is commonly associated with infection by Adenoviruses?

<p>Fever and sore throat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) is accurate?

<p>Induces secretory antibody response similar to natural infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neisseria diseases

Diseases like gonorrhea and meningitis caused by Neisseria bacteria.

Gonorrhea transmission

Spread through sexual contact.

Gonorrhea treatment challenge

Difficult due to antibiotic-resistant strains.

Neisseria Meningitidis risk group

Individuals under 20 years old.

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Gram-negative hospital infections

Common infections in hospitals caused by Escherichia, Proteus, and Pseudomonas.

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Enteric bacteria pathogenicity

Mostly opportunistic pathogens, not always harmful.

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E. coli strain identification

Identified by O polysaccharide (surface) and H antigen (flagella).

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Bacterial virulence factors

Capsules, fimbriae, adhesins, toxins, and more, contributing to bacterial survival and disease.

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What is Entamoeba histolytica?

A type of amoeba that causes amoebic dysentery, a severe intestinal infection. It's transmitted through contaminated water.

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How does Naegleria fowleri infect?

This amoeba infects the brain through water inhalation, often while swimming. It's a rare but dangerous infection.

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Trypanosoma cruzi disease

Also known as Chagas' disease, it's caused by a parasitic flagellate and transmitted through the bite of an infected insect.

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What are dermatophytes?

Fungi that cause skin, hair, and nail infections. They're commonly known as 'ringworm,' although they're not worms.

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Fungal infections in immune compromise

People with weak immune systems are more susceptible to serious fungal infections, which can be fatal, especially in cases like AIDS.

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Amoebic dysentery

A severe intestinal infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica, characterized by severe diarrhea, ulcers, and potentially fatal complications.

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Chagas' disease stages

It has an acute stage with swelling at the bite site, and a chronic stage with heart complications, enlarged organs, and other long-term effects.

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Ringworm transmission

It's spread through direct contact with infected people or animals, or through contaminated materials.

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MacConkey Agar

A selective and differential media that allows for the growth of Gram-negative bacteria and distinguishes between lactose fermenters and non-fermenters.

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Coliform Bacteria

Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacteria that ferment lactose to produce acid and gas. They are commonly found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals, and are used as indicators of fecal contamination in water.

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Why Do We Care About Coliforms?

Coliforms in water indicate fecal contamination and potential for waterborne disease outbreaks.

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Salmonella

A genus of bacteria that can cause foodborne illness, including typhoid fever. It is often found in poultry and eggs.

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Shigella

Bacteria responsible for bacillary dysentery, a serious form of dysentery characterized by bloody and pus-filled stools. It spreads through poor hygiene and contaminated food and water.

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Yersinia Pestis

The bacterium responsible for plague, a severe infectious disease that can affect multiple organs. It is transmitted by fleas typically from rodents.

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Haemophilus Influenzae

Bacteria that cause various diseases, including meningitis (formerly a major cause in children) and ear infections. It is typically found in the respiratory tract.

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Bordetella Pertussis

The bacterium responsible for pertussis (whooping cough), a highly contagious respiratory disease characterized by a distinctive cough.

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Cestodes

Tapeworms, a type of helminth, infect humans through ingestion of uncooked meat.

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Cystercosis

A condition caused by Taenia Solium (pork tapeworm) where larvae encyst in various tissues.

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Fasciola hepatica

A type of liver fluke (trematode) that infects humans through ingestion of metacercariae from aquatic vegetation.

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Schistosoma

A type of fluke (trematode) that causes schistosomiasis, a disease transmitted through cercariae burrowing into human skin.

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Ascaris lumbricoides

A type of roundworm (nematode) that infects humans through ingestion of eggs.

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Swimmer's itch

Dermatitis that can develop at the site where Schistosoma cercariae enter the skin.

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Chronic schistosomiasis

A long-term infection caused by Schistosoma, where eggs calcify in tissues and form granulomas.

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Schistosoma transmission

Transmission occurs when humans come into contact with contaminated water containing Schistosoma cercariae.

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Human Herpesviruses

A family of viruses that includes HHV-1 (cold sores) and HHV-2 (genital herpes). They are spread through close contact or sexual intercourse.

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Mononucleosis

An infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It typically affects young adults and is characterized by fatigue, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and an enlarged spleen.

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Adenoviruses

A group of viruses that can cause respiratory infections like the common cold. They are spread through respiratory droplets.

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Hepadnaviruses

A family of viruses that includes Hepatitis B virus. They are enveloped DNA viruses that can cause liver inflammation.

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Rhinoviruses

A type of virus that causes most cases of the common cold. It's spread through respiratory droplets or contaminated surfaces.

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Polio Transmission

Polio is spread through person-to-person contact or contaminated food and water. It attacks the nervous system.

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Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)

A safe and effective vaccine that contains killed poliovirus. It's administered via injection and does not pose any risk of vaccine-related disease.

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Dengue Fever Transmission

Dengue fever is transmitted by mosquitoes, specifically the Aedes mosquito.

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Study Notes

Biology 2420 - Exam 4 Study Notes

  • General Study Guidelines:
    • Match organisms to diseases (across all chapters)
    • Understand disease effects, infection routes, and vectors

Chapter 20 - Gram Negative Cocci & Bacilli

  • Neisseria Diseases:
    • Gonorrhea, meningitis
    • Gonorrhea: secretes IgA protease, survives neutrophils, antigenic variability, Opa proteins bind T cells
    • Meningitis: normal upper respiratory tract microbiota
    • Morphology: diplococci
  • Gonorrhea Transmission/Treatment/Infant Effects:
    • Transmission: sexual contact
    • Treatment: complicated by resistant strains; broad spectrum cephalosporins
    • Infant effects: ophthalmia neonatorum (infant blindness)
  • Neisseria Meningitidis:
    • Vaccination protects against serogroups A, C, Y, and W (not B)
  • Gram-Negative Hospital Infections (US):
    • Escherichia, Proteus, Pseudomonas

Chapter 21 - Intracellular Bacteria

  • Rickettsia Diseases:
    • Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF)
    • Epidemic typhus
    • Murine typhus
    • Vector: ticks and/or lice
  • Ehrlichia:
    • Infections reproduce in leukocytes(WBCs)
    • RMSF, ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis are common in Texas
  • Sexually Transmitted Disease - Chlamydia:
    • Leading cause of trachoma and sterility
  • Syphilis:
    • Causative organism: Treponema pallidum pallidum

Chapter 22 - Fungal Pathogens

  • Systemic Mycoses:
    • Histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis
    • Pathogenesis: inhalation of spores, phagocytosis by macrophages, spread through bloodstream.
    • Symptoms: asymptomatic or nonspecific
  • Opportunistic Fungal Infections:
    • Candidiasis (oral thrush, vaginal yeast infection), common microbiota

Chapter 23 - Protozoans

  • Entamoeba Histolytica:
    • Transmission: ingestion of contaminated water
    • Symptoms: Asymptomatic, invasive amebic dysentery (severe diarrhea), colitis
  • Naegleria Fowleri:
    • Transmission: inhalation of contaminated water
    • High mortality rate
  • Trypanosoma cruzi:
    • Chagas disease and possibly heart failure infection
    • Transmission: insect bites (Triatoma)

Chapter 24 - DNA Viruses

  • Smallpox (Variola major):
    • Highly contagious, high mortality rate
    • Eradication due to effective vaccination
  • Human Herpes Viruses (HHV):
    • HHV-1 (cold sores), HHV-2 (genital herpes)
  • Mononucleosis:
    • Caused by Epstein-Barr virus, symptoms: fever, fatigue, lymphadenopathy
  • Adenoviruses:
    • Respiratory infections (common cold)
  • Hepatitis B Virus (HBV):
    • Liver inflammation, potential for chronic infection

Chapter 25 - RNA Viruses

  • Rhinoviruses:
    • Common cold
    • Transmission through respiratory droplets
  • Polio:
    • Transmission: Person-to-person, contaminated food/water
    • Prevention: Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) or Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)
  • Dengue Fever:
    • Mosquito-borne, potential for hemorrhagic fever
    • No treatment for severe form
  • Rubella:
    • Virus transmission causes serious birth defects in children
    • Common infection in children, transmission through respiratory droplets
  • Influenza (Flu):
    • Caused by RNA virus, symptoms: fever, malaise, muscle aches
    • Treatment can be effective if treatment begins promptly.

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BIOL 2420 Exam 4 Study Guide Fall 2024 PDF

Description

Prepare for your Biology 2420 Exam 4 with these comprehensive study notes. Cover topics such as gram-negative cocci and bacilli, and intracellular bacteria, focusing on disease mechanisms, transmission, and treatment options. Review key pathogens and their associated infections to enhance your understanding.

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