Biology 102 - Biogeography Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is biogeography?

  • The study of Earth's physical structure
  • The study of ecological relationships
  • The study of extinct organisms
  • The study of the geographic distribution of organisms (correct)

    • What does macroevolution refer to?

    Evolution at a scale above the species

    What does inductive reasoning involve?

    From specific observations to general principles

    What is deductive reasoning?

    <p>From general constructs to specific cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypothetico-deductive reasoning?

    <p>A good scientific theory contains logical assumptions and consequences, and if these can be proven wrong, then the theory itself must be flawed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main questions of biogeography?

    Signup and view all the answers

    What is biogeography?

    <p>The study of the geographic distribution, or range, of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does macroevolution refer to?

    <p>Evolution at a scale above the species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the focuses of macroevolution?

    <p>Groups of species, evolutionary trends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inductive reasoning?

    <p>From specific observations to general principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is deductive reasoning?

    <p>From general constructs to specific cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypothetico-deductive reasoning?

    <p>A good scientific theory contains logical assumptions and consequences, and if these can be proven wrong, then the theory itself must be flawed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main questions of biogeography? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Why do the diversity and taxonomic composition of the biota vary from one region to another?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disciplines are considered main natural history disciplines used in biogeography? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Paleontology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is geology?

    <p>Science that deals with Earth's physical structure and substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does paleontology study?

    <p>Study of extinct organisms, fossils, and things that have been preserved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does phylogenetics focus on?

    <p>Understanding how organisms are related and where they came from</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ecology?

    <p>Deals with relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ways species ranges can change? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Biotic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'biotic' refer to? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Long distance dispersal across a major barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'abiotic' entail? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Tectonic events (plate movements, mountains)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ecological biogeography?

    <p>How ecological processes that occur in short periods of time act on distributional patterns of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is historical biogeography?

    <p>How processes that occur over long periods of time influence patterns of geographic distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Wallace's Line?

    <p>Sharp break between faunas of Asian and Australian origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is The Great American Interchange?

    <p>Dispersal after adaptation, subsequent competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does island biogeography propose?

    <p>The equilibrium theory of island biogeography proposes that the lower number of species on islands was not the result of insufficient time, but rather the result of an equilibrium process peculiar to all islands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected relationship between the number of species and distance from the mainland? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Smaller distance from mainland = larger number of species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the mass extinction events? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Ordovician Event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Ordovician Event?

    <p>~440 million years ago, 49% of genera extinct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened during the Devonian Event?

    <p>~375 million years ago, 50% of genera extinct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was significant about the Permian Event?

    <p>~252 million years ago, 83% of genera extinct - largest extinction event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Triassic Event?

    <p>~200 million years ago, ~50% of genera extinct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened during the Cretaceous - Paleozoic Event?

    <p>~65 million years ago, ~70% species or 40% genera extinct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does extinction mean?

    <p>Species completely gone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is extirpation?

    <p>Species gone from a portion of the former range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geographic evidence of meteors exists?

    <p>Yucatan Peninsula, sparks volcanic activity, worldwide rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are there often rapid diversification events after mass extinctions?

    <p>Available habitat and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biogeography Concepts

    • Biogeography: Study of organisms' geographic distribution and ranges.
    • Macroevolution: Evolution occurring at a level above species, illuminating broader evolutionary trends.

    Reasoning Methods

    • Inductive reasoning: Moves from specific observations to general principles.
    • Deductive reasoning: Derives specific instances from general constructs.
    • Hypothetico-deductive reasoning: Validates scientific theories by testing logical assumptions against evidence.

    Biogeography Questions

    • Two main questions: Why are species distributed as they are? Why does biota diversity vary by region?

    Natural History Disciplines

    • Four disciplines in biogeography: Geology, paleontology, phylogenetics, and ecology aid in understanding species distribution.
    • Geology: Examines Earth's structure and past life impacts on current landscapes.
    • Paleontology: Studies extinct organisms and fossilized remains.
    • Phylogenetics: Investigates evolutionary relationships and origins of species.
    • Ecology: Explores interactions between organisms and their environments.

    Species Range Changes

    • Species ranges can change due to biotic (adaptation and dispersal) and abiotic (climate change, tectonic events) factors.

    Biotic and Abiotic Influences

    • Biotic factors: Include adaptations to new habitats and long-distance dispersal.
    • Abiotic factors: Encompass climate shifts, eustatic changes (sea level), and tectonic movements.

    Types of Biogeography

    • Ecological biogeography: Examines short-term ecological processes affecting organism distributions.
    • Historical biogeography: Focuses on long-term processes influencing geographic distribution and speciation history.

    Notable Biogeographic Lines and Events

    • Wallace's Line: Distinct separation of Asian and Australian faunas.
    • The Great American Interchange: Species dispersion post-adaptation leading to competition.

    Island Biogeography Theory

    • Proposed equilibrium theory suggests islands have fewer species due to unique ecological processes rather than time constraints.

    Species and Distance Relationship

    • Relationship observed: Greater distance from mainland correlates with fewer species, while closeness leads to higher species diversity.

    Mass Extinctions Overview

    • Notable extinction events include the Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Triassic, and Cretaceous-Paleozoic events.

    Details of Major Extinction Events

    • Ordovician Event: ~440 million years ago, significant glaciation led to a 49% genus extinction.
    • Devonian Event: ~375 million years ago, marked the transition of life to land, with 50% genus extinction.
    • Permian Event: ~252 million years ago, the largest extinction (83% genera extinct), caused by multiple geological factors.
    • Triassic Event: ~200 million years ago, led to 50% genus loss, primarily terrestrial.
    • Cretaceous-Paleozoic Event: ~65 million years ago, resulted in a 70% species extinction linked to meteor impacts.

    Terminology in Extinction

    • Extinction: Complete disappearance of a species, e.g., Dodo.
    • Extirpation: Localized extinction from a part of the range, e.g., Snail darters.

    Evidence of Extinction Causes

    • Geographic evidence of meteors: Notable sites like the Yucatan Peninsula, with associated volcanic activity and global rock layer changes.

    Post-Extinction Diversification

    • Rapid diversification often follows mass extinctions due to the availability of habitats and resources previously occupied by extinct species.

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    Test your knowledge on biogeography and macroevolution with these flashcards. This quiz covers key terms and concepts related to the study of organisms' geographic distribution and evolutionary processes. Perfect for Biology 102 students looking to reinforce their understanding.

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