Biology 100 Final Exam Study Guide

A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment.

Atom, Molecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere.

Members of a single type of living thing, living together in a defined area.

<p>Maintaining a constant internal environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A large mass of similar cells that make up a part of an organism and perform a specific function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protons, neutrons, and electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their outermost shell of electrons has not been filled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A molecule that is repelled by water or is 'water-fearing'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A solute is the substance to be dissolved (example: sugar). The solvent is the one doing the dissolving (example: water).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acids are substances that can donate H+ ions to bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide that forms glucose on hydrolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A carbohydrate (e.g., starch, cellulose, or glycogen) whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two fatty acids, attached to a glycerol 'head' and a phosphate group. They are located in the phospholipid bilayer and have a hydrophilic (or 'water loving') head and a hydrophobic (or 'water fearing') tail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quickening chemical reactions, chemical messengers, repair and maintenance, energy, hormones, enzymes, transportation and storage of molecules, and forming antibodies, healing, mechanical support, storing nutrients, cell signaling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleus, nuclear membrane, cytoplasm, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion, lysosome, Golgi body, ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its main function is to regulate gene expression; it also controls cellular growth and replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Making proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provides structural support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chloroplasts, central vacuoles, and cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regulates what enters and exits the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrophobic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholesterol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concentration gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive transport does not require energy while active transport does. In the case of active transport, the molecules move against the concentration gradient from low to high concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The measure of 'disorder' in a system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An example of potential energy is a gun about to go off or a rock at the top of a hill. Kinetic energy would be those objects in motion, such as a gun shooting or a rock rolling down a hill.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Law of Conservation of Energy, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzymes are organic molecular proteins composed of amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A, T, G, and C (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20,000-25,000.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sister chromatids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>60 (the chromosomes have doubled to get ready to split into two cells).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In plant cytokinesis, a new cell wall is fashioned between the new daughter cells, while in animal cells, the cell membrane constricts to pinch the parent cell into daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After replicating its genetic material, the cell divides into two nearly equal-sized daughter cells. The genetic material is also equally split. (It is the most common form of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes and some single-celled eukaryotes).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol start="23"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meiosis produces 4 unique haploid daughter cells, while mitosis produces 2 identical diploid daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crossing over, random chromatid assortment, and fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome (in humans, our first 22 chromosomes are autosomes).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>23 chromosomes (22 autosomes and 1 sex (X) chromosome).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A male.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The visible characteristics determined by the genotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red and white flowers mixing to make pink ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hh (one dominant and one recessive allele).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polygenic inheritance (example: height, weight, etc.).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A heterozygous female who is normal but carries one nonfunctioning allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women have two X chromosomes, so one can cancel out the faulty gene, whereas males have only one X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A severe hereditary form of anemia in which a mutated form of hemoglobin distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels. It is most common among those of African descent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A medical condition in which blood cannot sufficiently clot and slight injuries cause severe bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Down Syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>X-ray diffraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bases: A, T, G, C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol start="4"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A bonds to T and G bonds to C. (In mRNA, T changes to U).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A change in the structure of a gene caused by the change of a single base (when it isn't corrected).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol start="20"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shape (bends).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sequence of three nucleotides that form a genetic code in DNA or RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A to U, G to C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Met.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genus and species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First letter capitalized in genus, all the rest lower case, all italics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The branch of science concerned with classification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A heterotroph eats its food for energy and an autotroph makes its own food for energy (photosynthesis).</p> Signup and view all the answers