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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is a scientific theory?
What is a scientific theory?
A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment.
What is the correct order of complexity?
What is the correct order of complexity?
Atom, Molecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere.
What is the definition of a population?
What is the definition of a population?
Members of a single type of living thing, living together in a defined area.
What is homeostasis?
What is homeostasis?
What is the definition of a tissue?
What is the definition of a tissue?
Living things inherit information from their parents encoded in what?
Living things inherit information from their parents encoded in what?
What are the subatomic particles of an atom?
What are the subatomic particles of an atom?
Which subatomic particle plays the greatest role in chemical reactions?
Which subatomic particle plays the greatest role in chemical reactions?
Why will atoms react with other atoms?
Why will atoms react with other atoms?
What is the definition of a hydrophobic molecule?
What is the definition of a hydrophobic molecule?
How many covalent bonds can oxygen make with hydrogen?
How many covalent bonds can oxygen make with hydrogen?
What is the definition of a solute and solvent?
What is the definition of a solute and solvent?
What is the definition of an acid (in regards to hydrogen atoms)?
What is the definition of an acid (in regards to hydrogen atoms)?
What is glycogen?
What is glycogen?
What is a polysaccharide?
What is a polysaccharide?
What is a phospholipid?
What is a phospholipid?
What are the functions of proteins?
What are the functions of proteins?
What are proteins made up of?
What are proteins made up of?
What is DNA made up of?
What is DNA made up of?
What are the organelles found in an animal cell?
What are the organelles found in an animal cell?
What is the boundary of an animal cell called?
What is the boundary of an animal cell called?
What is the main function of the nucleus?
What is the main function of the nucleus?
What is the main function of ribosomes?
What is the main function of ribosomes?
What is the main function of the cytoskeleton?
What is the main function of the cytoskeleton?
What are found in plant cells and not animal cells?
What are found in plant cells and not animal cells?
What is the purpose of the plasma membrane?
What is the purpose of the plasma membrane?
Are the fatty-acid tails of a phospholipid hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Are the fatty-acid tails of a phospholipid hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
What part of the plasma membrane helps keep it fluid?
What part of the plasma membrane helps keep it fluid?
What needs to be present for something to move passively through a cell membrane?
What needs to be present for something to move passively through a cell membrane?
What is the difference between passive and active transport?
What is the difference between passive and active transport?
What is entropy?
What is entropy?
What is an example of potential energy? Kinetic Energy?
What is an example of potential energy? Kinetic Energy?
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
What is the energy currency of cells called?
What is the energy currency of cells called?
What type of organic molecule makes up enzymes?
What type of organic molecule makes up enzymes?
What are the four bases in DNA?
What are the four bases in DNA?
What is an estimated number of the genes in the human genome?
What is an estimated number of the genes in the human genome?
What is being separated during anaphase of mitosis?
What is being separated during anaphase of mitosis?
If a cell contains 30 chromosomes, how many chromatids will be present during prophase?
If a cell contains 30 chromosomes, how many chromatids will be present during prophase?
What is the difference between animal cell division and plant cell division?
What is the difference between animal cell division and plant cell division?
What is binary fission?
What is binary fission?
How many chromosomes are in a human gamete?
How many chromosomes are in a human gamete?
What are the products of meiosis? How are they different than the products of mitosis?
What are the products of meiosis? How are they different than the products of mitosis?
What steps in meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?
What steps in meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?
What is an autosome?
What is an autosome?
A human egg contains how many and what kind of chromosomes?
A human egg contains how many and what kind of chromosomes?
An X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father makes what?
An X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father makes what?
What is the phenotype of an organism?
What is the phenotype of an organism?
What is an example of incomplete dominance?
What is an example of incomplete dominance?
What is an example of a heterozygous genotype?
What is an example of a heterozygous genotype?
Which type of dominance is most likely to display a bell curve of phenotypes?
Which type of dominance is most likely to display a bell curve of phenotypes?
Who is a 'carrier' of X-linked disorders, such as hemophilia and color blindness?
Who is a 'carrier' of X-linked disorders, such as hemophilia and color blindness?
Why do X-linked conditions appear more frequently in males than females?
Why do X-linked conditions appear more frequently in males than females?
What is sickle-cell anemia?
What is sickle-cell anemia?
What is hemophilia?
What is hemophilia?
What disease is commonly caused by aneuploidy?
What disease is commonly caused by aneuploidy?
What helped determine that DNA was a double-helix structure?
What helped determine that DNA was a double-helix structure?
What units are bonded together to make a strand of DNA?
What units are bonded together to make a strand of DNA?
How many different types of bases are there in DNA?
How many different types of bases are there in DNA?
Be able to replicate a sequence of bases of DNA.
Be able to replicate a sequence of bases of DNA.
What is the definition of a mutation?
What is the definition of a mutation?
How many different types of amino acids are there?
How many different types of amino acids are there?
What is the most critical feature in a protein that determines its function?
What is the most critical feature in a protein that determines its function?
What are monomers of proteins?
What are monomers of proteins?
What is a codon?
What is a codon?
Be able to make a strand of mRNA from a sequence of DNA.
Be able to make a strand of mRNA from a sequence of DNA.
What is the first amino acid of a new polypeptide chain?
What is the first amino acid of a new polypeptide chain?
What two taxa are used to represent the organism?
What two taxa are used to represent the organism?
How do you properly write the genus and species of an organism?
How do you properly write the genus and species of an organism?
What is the correct order for taxa of life?
What is the correct order for taxa of life?
What is taxonomy?
What is taxonomy?
What is a heterotroph? Autotroph?
What is a heterotroph? Autotroph?
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Scientific Concepts
- Scientific theory: A comprehensive explanation of a natural phenomenon, supported by extensive observation and experimentation.
- Complexity hierarchy: Ranges from atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, to biosphere.
- Homeostasis: The process of maintaining a stable internal environment in an organism.
Biological Definitions
- Population: Group of individuals of the same species living in a defined area.
- Tissue: A collection of similar cells functioning together in an organism.
- Solute vs. Solvent: Solute is the substance being dissolved (e.g., sugar), while solvent is the dissolving medium (e.g., water).
- Hydrophobic molecule: Water-repellent compounds that do not mix with water.
Atomic Structure and Chemistry
- Atom composition: Comprised of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with electrons being crucial in chemical reactions.
- Oxygen's bonding: Can form two covalent bonds with hydrogen atoms.
- Chemical reactions occur if an atom's outer electron shell isn't full.
- Acids: Substances capable of donating hydrogen ions (H+) to bases.
Macromolecules
- Glycogen: A polysaccharide serving as a carbohydrate storage form in animals, hydrolyzed to glucose.
- Polysaccharides: Complex carbohydrates formed from multiple sugar units.
- Phospholipid structure: Composed of two fatty acids, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group, forming the cellular membrane.
Protein Structure and Function
- Protein roles: Include catalyzing reactions (enzymes), signaling, repair, nutrient storage, and immune function.
- Proteins are formed from amino acids, and their three-dimensional shape dictates their function.
- Enzymes: Protein molecules that facilitate biochemical reactions.
Cell Structure
- Animal cell organelles: Include nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, and ribosomes.
- Nucleus: Central hub for gene expression and cellular growth regulation.
- Ribosomes: Organelles responsible for synthesizing proteins.
- Cytoskeleton: Provides structural support to the cell.
Cell Membrane and Transport
- Plasma membrane: Functions to regulate the entry and exit of substances.
- Phospholipid tails are hydrophobic, while heads are hydrophilic, facilitating membrane fluidity with aid from cholesterol.
- Transport mechanisms: Passive transport does not require energy; active transport does, moving substances against the concentration gradient.
Energy and Thermodynamics
- Entropy: A measure of disorder in a system; systems tend to move toward increased disorder.
- First Law of Thermodynamics: States that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): The energy currency of cells.
Genetic Information
- DNA structure: Composed of nucleotides with four bases—adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C).
- Human genome: Contains approximately 20,000-25,000 genes.
- Mutations: Changes in the DNA sequence that can affect gene function.
Cell Division and Genetics
- Mitosis: Separates sister chromatids during anaphase; produces two identical diploid daughter cells.
- Meiosis: Results in four unique haploid cells, promoting genetic diversity through crossing over and random assortment.
- Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes; humans possess 22 pairs of autosomes plus 1 pair of sex chromosomes.
Inheritance and Disorders
- X-linked disorders: Affect males more due to the presence of only one X chromosome, while females may carry the trait.
- Sickle-cell anemia: A genetic blood disorder resulting from a mutated hemoglobin that distorts red blood cells.
- Down Syndrome: A common condition caused by aneuploidy, characterized by an extra chromosome 21.
Taxonomy and Classification
- Taxonomy: The scientific classification of organisms into categories such as genus and species.
- Proper nomenclature: Genus is capitalized; species is lowercase; both italicized.
- Taxonomic hierarchy: Life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
Nutrition and Energy Sources
- Heterotrophs: Organisms that consume organic substances for energy.
- Autotrophs: Organisms that produce their own food, typically through photosynthesis.
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