16 Questions
What initiates the heartbeat in the Heart/Cardiac cycle?
Relaxation of heart muscles and blood flowing into the atria
Describe what occurs during Step Three of the Heart/Cardiac cycle.
Valves close to prevent backward blood flow, ventricles contract to push blood out of the heart, atria relax and refill with blood.
What happens during Step Two of the Heart/Cardiac cycle?
The atria contract, and valves open to allow blood into the ventricles.
What is blood pressure and how is it measured?
Blood pressure is the force of blood on artery walls, measured as systolic pressure/diastolic pressure (e.g., 120/80).
What is the primary function of erythropoietin?
Stimulates the production of red blood cells in bone marrow
Describe the role of macrophages in the immune system.
They 'eat' microorganisms and digest them.
How do platelets contribute to blood clotting?
Platelets produce tiny fibrinogen fibers to form a net that traps other blood cells.
What are some components found in plasma?
Carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids, proteins, minerals, vitamins, hormones, waste materials like urea
Explain the function of fibrinogen fibers produced by platelets.
Form a net to trap other blood cells and create a blood clot
Describe the role of the heart in circulation.
Consists of two pumps: one for pulmonary circulation to the lungs, and one for systemic circulation to the body's tissues
What is the main function of the circulatory system in vertebrate organisms?
To circulate blood uni-directionally from the heart around circulatory routes and return to the heart again, keeping it largely separated from the interstitial fluid.
What is the shape of red blood cells, and what molecules do they contain?
Biconcave disc; contain haemoglobin, a molecule designed to hold oxygen and carry it to cells.
What is the composition of hemoglobin, and how many oxygen atoms can it carry?
A complex protein made up of four protein strands, plus iron-rich heme groups; can carry four oxygen atoms.
What happens to iron from hemoglobin at the end of a red blood cell's lifespan?
It is recycled in the liver and spleen.
What is the primary function of haemoglobin in red blood cells?
To hold oxygen and carry it to cells that need it.
What is the main difference between the circulatory system and the interstitial fluid compartment?
The circulatory system is a closed-loop system where blood is largely separated from the interstitial fluid.
Test your knowledge on the circulatory system, including the structure and function of arteries, veins, capillaries, and the heart. Learn about closed circulatory systems and the separation of blood from interstitial fluid.
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