Biology 1 - Enzyme Activity & Bacteria

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of pili in bacteria?

  • To aid in the transfer of genetic material (correct)
  • To facilitate the movement of bacteria
  • To protect the cell from environmental threats
  • To provide structural support for the cell

Which of the following components is NOT a characteristic feature of bacteria?

  • Ribosomes
  • Mitochondria (correct)
  • Cell Wall
  • Nucleoid

What is the primary function of the flagella in bacteria?

  • To produce energy for the cell
  • To attach to surfaces
  • To facilitate movement (correct)
  • To synthesize proteins

What type of molecule is the bacterial chromosome composed of?

<p>DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these structures is NOT typically found in bacteria?

<p>Golgi apparatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteria reproduce?

<p>Binary fission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy source for the rotation of bacterial flagella?

<p>Hydrogen ions (H+) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of plasmids in bacteria?

<p>They provide genetic diversity within the bacterial population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of species alive today?

<p>8.7 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to phylogeny, which of the following is NOT a domain of life?

<p>Fungi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which domain of life is more closely related to Eukarya than to Bacteria?

<p>Archaea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT considered a characteristic of all cells?

<p>Having a nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical size range of bacteria?

<p>0.5–5 µm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

<p>Eukaryotes have a nucleus, prokaryotes do not (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes within a cell?

<p>Protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the evolutionary history of a group of organisms?

<p>Phylogeny (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the three domains of life?

<p>Bacteria are more closely related to Archaea than to Eukarya (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the flow of H+ ions similar between mitochondria and bacterial flagella?

<p>Both use H+ ion flow to power a rotary motor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structural difference between the flagella of bacteria, archaea, and eukarya?

<p>Bacteria flagella are composed of flagellin, archaea flagella are composed of archaellin, and eukarya flagella are composed of tubulin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a function of prokaryotic protein fibers?

<p>Transporting cellular material. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule is found in the bacterial cell wall?

<p>Peptidoglycan. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does penicillin affect bacteria?

<p>It disrupts cell wall synthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

<p>Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane that gram-positive bacteria lack. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of evolution does the bacterial flagella represent?

<p>Divergent evolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a capsule in bacteria?

<p>To protect the bacteria from harsh environments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process through which bacteria reproduce?

<p>Binary fission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of chromosome do bacteria possess?

<p>Circular chromosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily involved in the inward growth of the plasma membrane during bacterial division?

<p>FtsZ ring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes archaea from bacteria at a molecular level?

<p>Differences in ribosomal RNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of archaea is specifically adapted to thrive in high temperature environments?

<p>Thermophiles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of extremophiles among archaea?

<p>They thrive in extreme environments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutritional mode involves the use of both light and organic molecules for energy?

<p>Photoheterotrophy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of many prokaryotes that aids in energy conversion?

<p>Photosynthetic membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nucleoid

Region in prokaryotic cells containing a single circular chromosome.

Plasmid

Small circular DNA molecules within bacteria that carry a few genes.

Flagella

Whiplike structures that propel prokaryotic cells in liquid.

Binary fission

A type of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes where they divide in half.

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Fimbriae

Threadlike structures on bacteria for attachment and plasmid transfer.

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Cytosol

Liquid portion of the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.

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Ribosomes

Molecular machines in all cells that synthesize proteins.

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Domains of Life

The three major categories of life forms: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

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Prokaryotes

Organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus, categorized into Bacteria and Archaea.

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Eukaryotes

Organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

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Bacteria Characteristics

Bacteria are small cells (0.5–5 µm) and are one of the two types of prokaryotes.

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Archaea

A group of prokaryotes distinct from bacteria, often living in extreme environments.

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Cell Characteristics

All cells contain DNA, have membranes, ribosomes, use energy, grow, reproduce, and respond to stimuli.

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Evolution and Diversity

Evolution leads to the vast diversity of life, with millions of species cataloged.

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Phylogeny

The evolutionary history and relationships among groups of organisms.

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H+ Flow in ATP Production

H+ ions flow drive the rotor in ATP synthesis, similar in mitochondria.

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Flagella Types

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya have different flagellar structures but similar functions.

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Prokaryotic Flagellum

The rotational motion in prokaryotic flagella helps with movement.

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Peptidoglycan

A polymer made of sugars and amino acids forming bacterial cell walls.

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Capsule in Prokaryotes

A polysaccharide layer covering some prokaryotes, aiding classification.

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Gram-positive Bacteria

Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan layer; sensitive to penicillin.

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Gram-negative Bacteria

Bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan layer, often antibiotic resistant.

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Cytoskeleton in Prokaryotes

Protein fibers in bacteria and archaea maintaining shape and aiding division.

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Extremophiles

Organisms that thrive in extreme environments, such as high salinity or extreme temperatures.

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Binary fission stages

The process by which bacterial cells replicate: chromosome replication, migration, membrane growth, and cell wall formation.

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Cell wall composition in Archaea

Most archaea have cell walls made of polysaccharides and proteins, lacking peptidoglycan.

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Nutritional modes in Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes can utilize organic molecules or CO2 as carbon and energy sources through various metabolic pathways.

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Photosynthetic membranes

Internal membranes in some prokaryotes that convert sunlight to chemical energy.

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Ribosomal structures in Archaea

Though archaea are prokaryotes, they have ribosomes that resemble those in eukaryotes.

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Morphological diversity of Archaea

Archaea exhibit a variety of shapes and sizes, similar to bacteria but distinct at the molecular level.

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Study Notes

Biology 1 - Cells, Molecular Biology and Genetics (Biol 1000)

  • Course offered by Dr. Michael Cardinal-Aucoin in Winter 2025 at York University
  • Course code: Biol 1000

Enzyme Activity and pH

  • An enzyme, composed of a single peptide, functions in the stomach but loses function in the small intestine.
  • Possible cause: A change in pH alters the enzyme's structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary).

Cells Part I: Bacteria and Archaea (Chapter 7)

  • Domains of Life: Broad categories of living organisms.
  • Bacteria: Single-celled organisms lacking membrane-bound organelles, have a single circular chromosome, often have a small circular DNA molecule (plasmid), and can have flagella and/or cilia.
  • Archaea: Prokaryotic organisms showing similarities to both bacteria and Eukaryotes, mostly distinguished at the molecular level.

Additional Topics

  • Bacterial locations in the human body: Mouth, gut, reproductive tract, and skin.
  • The human microbiome: Many prokaryotes, fungi, and protists exist in human bodies.
  • Bacteria and Archaea contain protein fibers that form the cytoskeleton. This impacts cell shape and assists in cell division (e.g. MreB, FtsZ).
  • Bacteria divide through binary fission.
  • Prokaryote structure involves a bacterial cell wall composed of peptidoglycan. This is a distinguishing feature
  • The bacterial cell wall also has capsule layers (polysaccharide or protein).
  • Classification of bacteria (Gram positive/Gram Negative): The structure of the bacterial cell wall determines how cells react to Gram staining and further divides classification. Penicillin is effective on gram positive bacteria.
  • The structure and mechanism of flagella differ for prokaryotes across domains, however, all function similarly as whiplike appendages to move the prokaryotic cell.
  • Prokaryotes can have complex biochemistries and diverse forms of nutrition, such as photoautotrophy and chemoautotrophy.
  • Some prokaryotes have internal photosynthetic membranes that convert light energy to chemical energy

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