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Questions and Answers
Who is famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis, the Tuberculosis bacillus, and the Vibrio cholera?
Who is famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis, the Tuberculosis bacillus, and the Vibrio cholera?
Who developed Koch's postulates to establish that an organism is the cause of a disease?
Who developed Koch's postulates to establish that an organism is the cause of a disease?
Which scientist discovered that most infectious diseases result from germs, known as the 'germ theory of disease'?
Which scientist discovered that most infectious diseases result from germs, known as the 'germ theory of disease'?
What did Ferdinand Julius Cohn classify and define that distinguishes algae and plants from green plants?
What did Ferdinand Julius Cohn classify and define that distinguishes algae and plants from green plants?
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Which scientist was known for convincing surgeons that germs existed and spread diseases through dirty instruments and hands?
Which scientist was known for convincing surgeons that germs existed and spread diseases through dirty instruments and hands?
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Which scientist's work eventually led to the development of pure culture techniques, stains, agar, culture media, and petri dishes?
Which scientist's work eventually led to the development of pure culture techniques, stains, agar, culture media, and petri dishes?
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What year did Ignaz Semmelweiss start forcing doctors to wash their hands before touching patients?
What year did Ignaz Semmelweiss start forcing doctors to wash their hands before touching patients?
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Who confirmed/modified the staining technique in 1882-3, now known as the Ziehl-Neelson stain?
Who confirmed/modified the staining technique in 1882-3, now known as the Ziehl-Neelson stain?
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Which scientist isolated the colon bacillus (E.coli) in 1886?
Which scientist isolated the colon bacillus (E.coli) in 1886?
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In bacterial classification, organisms can be grouped based on their differences in which of the following components?
In bacterial classification, organisms can be grouped based on their differences in which of the following components?
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Why is the identification of bacteria in the laboratory particularly relevant in medicine?
Why is the identification of bacteria in the laboratory particularly relevant in medicine?
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What was a major impetus for the development of techniques to identify bacteria?
What was a major impetus for the development of techniques to identify bacteria?
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Who is considered the father of the microscope?
Who is considered the father of the microscope?
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Which scientist successfully introduced carbolic acid for sterilization in surgery?
Which scientist successfully introduced carbolic acid for sterilization in surgery?
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Who improved upon the microscope and published detailed observations of biological materials?
Who improved upon the microscope and published detailed observations of biological materials?
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Which scientist constructed the first electron microscope?
Which scientist constructed the first electron microscope?
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Who promoted the idea of sterile surgery and introduced carbolic acid for cleaning wounds?
Who promoted the idea of sterile surgery and introduced carbolic acid for cleaning wounds?
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Which scientist is associated with developing the concept of antiseptic surgery?
Which scientist is associated with developing the concept of antiseptic surgery?
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Who is credited with improving upon the microscope and publishing detailed observations of biological materials?
Who is credited with improving upon the microscope and publishing detailed observations of biological materials?
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Who is associated with introducing carbolic acid for sterilizing surgical instruments and cleaning wounds?
Who is associated with introducing carbolic acid for sterilizing surgical instruments and cleaning wounds?
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Which scientist is known for convincing surgeons that germs could spread diseases through dirty instruments and hands?
Which scientist is known for convincing surgeons that germs could spread diseases through dirty instruments and hands?
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Who developed the staining technique in 1882-83, now known as the Ziehl-Neelson stain?
Who developed the staining technique in 1882-83, now known as the Ziehl-Neelson stain?
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Which scientist constructed the first electron microscope?
Which scientist constructed the first electron microscope?
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Who is credited with making and using a real microscope for the first time?
Who is credited with making and using a real microscope for the first time?
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Who is credited with the classification of bacteria into four groups based on shape?
Who is credited with the classification of bacteria into four groups based on shape?
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Which scientist is famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis, Tuberculosis bacillus, and Vibrio cholera?
Which scientist is famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis, Tuberculosis bacillus, and Vibrio cholera?
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Who is associated with the development of Koch's postulates to establish the cause of a disease?
Who is associated with the development of Koch's postulates to establish the cause of a disease?
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Who introduced carbolic acid for cleaning wounds?
Who introduced carbolic acid for cleaning wounds?
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Which scientist is known for discovering that most infectious diseases are caused by germs?
Which scientist is known for discovering that most infectious diseases are caused by germs?
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Who is considered the father of antiseptic surgery?
Who is considered the father of antiseptic surgery?
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Who developed the pasteurization process to prevent the spread of disease?
Who developed the pasteurization process to prevent the spread of disease?
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Who was known for isolating Bacillus anthracis, the Tuberculosis bacillus, and the Vibrio cholera?
Who was known for isolating Bacillus anthracis, the Tuberculosis bacillus, and the Vibrio cholera?
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Which scientist was instrumental in convincing surgeons that germs spread diseases?
Which scientist was instrumental in convincing surgeons that germs spread diseases?
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Which scientist's work eventually led to the development of pure culture techniques, stains, agar, culture media, and petri dishes?
Which scientist's work eventually led to the development of pure culture techniques, stains, agar, culture media, and petri dishes?
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Who improved upon the microscope and published detailed observations of biological materials?
Who improved upon the microscope and published detailed observations of biological materials?
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Who constructed the first electron microscope?
Who constructed the first electron microscope?
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Study Notes
Biologists and Their Contributions
- Ferdinand Julius Cohn (1828-1898): classified algae and plants, and defined what distinguishes them from green plants. Classified bacteria into four groups based on shape (spherical, short rods, threads, and spirals).
- Heinrich Herman Robert Koch (1843-1910): isolated Bacillus anthracis (1877), Tuberculosis bacillus (1882), and Vibrio cholera (1883). Developed Koch's postulates to establish that an organism is the cause of a disease.
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895): discovered that most infectious diseases result from germs, known as the "germ theory of disease" (1857). Developed pasteurization process to kill germs and prevent disease spread.
- Ignaz Semmelweiss (1818-1865): forced doctors to wash hands before touching patients to prevent childbed fever.
- Joseph Lister (1827-1912): introduced carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments and clean wounds, reducing post-operative infections.
Microscopy and Bacteriology
- Aristotle (384-322): applied lens applications.
- Hans and Zacharias Janssen (1590): built the first compound microscope.
- Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723): made and used a real microscope, earning him the title "father of the microscope".
- Robert Hooke (1660): improved microscopy and published drawings of biological materials.
- Ernst Ruska (1931): constructed the first electron microscope.
Classification and Identification
- Bacterial classification: describes diversity of bacterial species by naming and grouping organisms based on similarities.
- Bacteria can be classified on the basis of:
- Cell structure
- Cellular metabolism
- Differences in cell components (DNA, fatty acids, pigments, antigens, and quinones)
- Identification of bacteria in the laboratory is crucial in medicine, where correct treatment is determined by the bacterial species causing an infection.
Timeline of Discoveries
- 1847: Ignaz Semmelweiss forced doctors to wash hands before touching patients.
- 1877: Robert Koch isolated Bacillus anthracis.
- 1882: Robert Koch isolated Tuberculosis bacillus.
- 1883: Robert Koch isolated Vibrio cholera.
- 1882-3: Ziehl confirmed/modified staining technique (Ziehl-Neelson stain).
- 1884: Gram described staining to aid in distinguishing bacterial groups.
- 1886: Escherich isolated the colon bacillus (E. coli).
- 1898: Shiga isolated the variety of dysentery bacillus (Shigella).
- 1931: Ernst Ruska constructed the first electron microscope.
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Description
Learn about the contributions of German biologists Ferdinand Julius Cohn and Robert Koch, including Cohn's classification of algae and plants, and Koch's isolation of important bacteria such as Bacillus anthracis and Tuberculosis bacillus.
