Biological Theories of Crime
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Questions and Answers

Which type of theories of crime search for genetic vulnerabilities, neuropsychological abnormalities, or biochemical irregularities that predispose people to criminal behavior?

  • Sociological theories
  • Biological theories (correct)
  • Psychological theories
  • Environmental theories

    • What do biological theorists believe translates genetic dispositions into specific criminal behavior?

  • Educational factors
  • Psychological factors
  • Environmental factors (correct)
  • Social interactions

    • What type of studies are commonly used in research on biological theories of crime to distinguish genetic from environmental factors?

  • Survey studies
  • Twin and adoption studies (correct)
  • Experimental studies
  • Case studies

    • What is the concordance rate in twin studies used to measure?

    <p>The percentage of pairs of twins sharing the behavior of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of twins are genetically identical?

    <p>Monozygotic twins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the conclusion drawn if the concordance rate is significantly higher in monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins?

    <p>The behavior is genetically influenced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the heritability rate found in the study of 274 adult twin pairs for violent behaviors?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lange (1929), what role do inherited tendencies play in causing crime?

    <p>Preponderant part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of crimes have higher influence from heredity according to studies?

    <p>Violent crimes against persons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do biological theories of crime commonly focus on in order to distinguish genetic from environmental factors?

    <p>Twin studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the brain is associated with decreased reasoning abilities and impulsive decision making in risky situations?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way individuals with prefrontal impairment may compensate for decreased levels of arousal?

    <p>Engaging in stimulation seeking and antisocial behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference in IQ between offenders and nonoffenders?

    <p>Offenders have a lower IQ than nonoffenders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between low IQ and criminality in a longitudinal study of London boys?

    <p>Low IQ is linked to criminality up to age 32</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible cause of chronically low levels of autonomic arousal in some offenders?

    <p>Impaired functioning in the prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological factor has received considerable support as a factor underlying impulsive aggression?

    <p>Lower levels of serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a study using animal models, what were the findings regarding testosterone and serotonin levels in relation to aggressive behaviors?

    <p>Higher testosterone and lower serotonin levels were associated with more aggressive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some possible ways low levels of serotonin might be linked to aggressiveness and criminal conduct?

    <p>Through greater impulsivity and irritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dimensions of personality are related to antisocial behavior?

    <p>Under control, unfriendliness, irritability, low empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the heritability degree of personality dimensions related to antisocial behavior?

    <p>Highly heritable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of crime is more strongly associated with genetic factors according to the text?

    <p>Assaults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to adoption studies, what is the prevalence rate of criminality among men whose biological parents had a criminal record?

    <p>12.1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is completely absent in individuals with impaired control of impulsive aggression, according to the text?

    <p>Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the study that replicated and extended the findings regarding low MAOA and maltreatment in relation to antisocial behavior?

    <p>Caspi et al., 2002</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subcortical structures in the brain have been linked to the experience of negative emotions and have shown excessive activity in homicide offenders?

    <p>Amygdala and hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region of the brain responsible for planning, monitoring, and controlling behavior is associated with deficits in individuals with antisocial behavior?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT emphasized as a likely candidate for genetic influence on crime, according to the text?

    <p>Frontal lobe dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do studies of violent offenders show in terms of electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns?

    <p>High rates of abnormal EEG patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals with both low MAOA and maltreatment later show some form of antisocial behavior?

    <p>85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the study that first raised the possibility of a biological contributor to offending through the absence of a certain enzyme?

    <p>Brunner et al., 1993</p> Signup and view all the answers

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