Biological Theories and Contributions Quiz

<p>A hierarchical arrangement of species from primitive organisms to humans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It assigns each species a two-part scientific name. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Periodic local extinctions occur, followed by repopulation from surrounding areas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fossils of extinct animals that were unlike any living species. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through periodic extinctions and repopulation from surrounding areas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acquired characteristics developed during an animal's life are inherited by its offspring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lengthening of giraffes' necks over generations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lamarck emphasized the inheritance of acquired traits, while Darwin focused on natural selection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Charles Lyell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It proposed that the same gradual processes shaping the Earth suggested the Earth must be very, very old. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erasmus Darwin and Charles Lyell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alfred Wallace (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The exponential increase in human population relative to food production growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evolution occurred, but was guided by an intelligent entity towards a specific outcome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discoveries in the field of molecular genetics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15 billion years. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The condensation of water vapor from the Earth's cooling atmosphere. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lack of free oxygen and a corresponding absence of a protective ozone layer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Archaean Period. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The absence, or near absence, of free oxygen to prevent the breakdown of early chemical building blocks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Geothermal vents on the ocean floor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Religious Creationism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Food production by humans grew at a steady rate, while the human population increased at exponential rate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It relies on belief and faith, whereas science relies on testing of hypothesis, and confirming or refuting through experimentation or observation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Sulphur Dioxide, water vapour, Ammonia and Silicon dioxide. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A thin layer about 100km thick, on which we live and go about our lives. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Over the last 10 billion years. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They had better replication capabilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotic heterotrophs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It demonstrated that organic molecules could be formed from inorganic gases under conditions simulating early Earth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyanobacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complex carbohydrates for energy storage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allowed organisms to metabolize energy more efficiently. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Invagination of the cell membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are simple polypeptides with some catalytic properties, potentially functioning as primitive enzymes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their capacity to absorb and incorporate molecules from the surrounding environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes that became symbiotic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coacervates cannot spontaneously reproduce; experimental induction is required. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photosynthetic autotrophic bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribozymes imparted the ability to self-replicate and catalyze reactions within the coacervate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evolution of aerobic metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ozone layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enables biological information to be stored, replicated, and passed on to subsequent generations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A reducing atmosphere with strong energy sources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They would act as catalysts, speeding up the combination of simple organic compounds into polymers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It created a boundary enabling them to maintain an internal environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monomers evolve → Polymers evolve → Coacervates form → Primitive cells develop (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It describes the oceans for a very long period of time, where the gradual accumulation produced an environment full of organic molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability to self-replicate and catalyze reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure to dry heat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Earth: 4.5 billion years; Life: 3.8 billion years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divine creation tailoring species to their surroundings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A linear progression of species arranged in a 'ladder of nature'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sudden appearance of maggots on decaying meat. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability to grow and reproduce (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotic heterotrophs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Francesco Redi and Spalanzani. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By proposing the biblical account of creation as an alternative to spontaneous generation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidation of inorganic compounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Roughly 6,000 years old. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Species are adapted because of natural selection acting upon genetic variation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methanogens and sulphate reducers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA with enzymatic capabilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That animals best suited for their environment replace those less well-adapted. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incorporation of self-replicating RNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The evolution of modern photosynthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorption of organic compounds from the environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limited resources of free nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of a semipermeable membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incorporation of biological information in nucleic acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evolution of heterotrophs feeding on autotrophs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecules like glucose phosphate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can produce copies by pinching off small buds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotic heterotrophs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are RNA strands with enzymatic capabilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They absorbed RNA and transformed into primitive cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By developing photosynthesis capabilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotic cells were exclusively autotrophic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorption of self-replicating RNA strands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One containing abundant organic compounds and RNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By consuming carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their reproduction must be induced experimentally (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorbing organic nutrients from the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enclosure of genetic material for information storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidizing inorganic compounds like hydrogen sulphide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Belief that the earth is young and species do not change.

Belief that the earth is old and species change over time through evolution.

Process where species adapt to environments through random genetic variations.

Ancient Greek philosopher who speculated on evolutionary change over 2,000 years ago.

Idea that life is arranged in a hierarchy from inanimate matter to humans.

Belief that biological matter can arise from non-living matter.

Disproved spontaneous generation by covering meat to prevent flies.

The view that species were divinely created and do not change.

Designed the microscope and discovered microscopic organisms in 1683.

Demonstrated in 1861 that non-sterile techniques led to the idea of spontaneous generation.

The belief that species were divinely created, unchanging, and never extinct.

Linnaeus's hierarchy ranking organisms from primitive to complex.

System devised by Linnaeus to assign scientific names to species.

Cuvier's theory that periodic extinctions occur followed by repopulation.

The idea that acquired characteristics can be passed to offspring.

Charles Darwin's grandfather who discussed mechanisms of natural selection.

Proposed Uniformitarianism; geological processes are slow and constant over time.

Lyell's theory that the earth's processes are uniform through time.

Charles Darwin published "On the Origin of Species" in 1859.

Lamarck's example of how physical traits could evolve through use.

Fossils proving species could become extinct.

An early biological structure that could replicate and store information.

The process by which a structure can make copies of itself.

The observable physical characteristics of an organism.

Simple cells that can't make their own food and absorb nutrients.

Organisms that obtain energy from inorganic compounds.

The first bacteria to perform modern photosynthesis.

The increase of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere due to autotrophs.

Theory that organelles like mitochondria originated from free-living prokaryotes.

More complex cells with a nucleus and organelles.

Protective layer developing due to increased oxygen, reducing UV radiation.

The earth is about 4.5 billion years old.

The first signs of life date back to about 3.8 billion years.

Proposed simple organic compounds could form in the early atmosphere.

Simulated early earth conditions to produce organic molecules.

The gradual accumulation of organic molecules in early oceans.

Long chains formed from simple organic compounds.

Small polypeptides that can act as primitive enzymes.

Droplets that can absorb molecules and mimic early cell functions.

Protein balls formed from proteinoids with cell-like properties.

Self-replicating RNA strands that have enzyme properties.

First true cells believed to evolve from coacervates absorbing RNA.

Genetic material that can control reproduction and traits.

Process by which traits are passed to offspring.

An organism that cannot synthesize its own food and must absorb organic compounds from the environment.

An organism that can produce its own food from inorganic sources, like photosynthesis.

The process by which autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy.

The process of using chemical energy from inorganic compounds to produce food.

RNA molecules that can replicate themselves, key to the early development of life.

When a trait increases an organism's chances of survival and reproduction.

Molecules primarily made of carbon, vital for life, like carbohydrates and proteins.

Microorganisms that produce methane from carbon dioxide and serve as early heterotrophs.

Organisms that reduce sulphate to hydrogen sulphide, using it for energy.

The gradual process in which living organisms developed from simple to more complex forms.

Chronological remnants or impressions of ancient organisms that help in dating life's origins.

A barrier that allows certain substances to pass while blocking others.

A form of asexual reproduction where a new organism forms from a bud on the parent.

The struggle among cells for limited resources in their environment.

A vital gas released by photosynthetic organisms into the atmosphere.

The metabolic process used by heterotrophs to obtain energy from organic compounds.

Economist who studied population growth and its limits.

Hypothesis that species evolve through natural selection over time.

The concept that all living organisms share a common ancestor.

Philosophy proposing life shows evidence of an intelligent cause.

Modern synthesis of Darwin’s theory and genetics.

The cosmic event marking the start of the universe about 15 billion years ago.

The early Earth that formed around 4.5 billion years ago.

Developed around Earth to retain gases during cooling.

Time when the first slight ozone layer formed, aiding life.

Four essential requirements for life to evolve on Earth.

Energy acts on chemical molecules, aiding life's formation.

Oxygen breaks down chemicals, pivotal in energy processes.

Factors Malthus identified that limit population growth.

Knowledge of genetics emerged after Darwin’s time, enriching evolutionary theory.