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Questions and Answers
What is released by motor nerve endings onto muscle?
What is released by motor nerve endings onto muscle?
- Serotonin
- Acetylcholine (correct)
- Dopamine
- Norepinephrine
Which term refers to a group of cell bodies outside the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which term refers to a group of cell bodies outside the central nervous system (CNS)?
- Ganglion (correct)
- Nerve
- Nucleus
- Tract
How does the concentration of potassium and sodium ions relate to the negative charge inside a nerve cell membrane?
How does the concentration of potassium and sodium ions relate to the negative charge inside a nerve cell membrane?
- Sodium ions are more permeable than potassium ions.
- Lower sodium concentration inside allows for a negative charge.
- Potassium ions cannot easily leave the cell, maintaining a negative charge. (correct)
- Higher potassium concentration leads to a positive charge inside.
What distinguishes a bipolar neuron from other types?
What distinguishes a bipolar neuron from other types?
Which statement about tracts and nerves is correct?
Which statement about tracts and nerves is correct?
Which ionic change occurs during the passage of an action potential along a nerve fiber?
Which ionic change occurs during the passage of an action potential along a nerve fiber?
What is the primary function of myelination in neurons?
What is the primary function of myelination in neurons?
Which type of neuronal structure includes multiple dendrites and a single axon?
Which type of neuronal structure includes multiple dendrites and a single axon?
What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes?
What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes?
How do Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes?
How do Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes?
What role do ependymal cells play in the central nervous system?
What role do ependymal cells play in the central nervous system?
What is the function of satellite cells?
What is the function of satellite cells?
Which cells are responsible for myelination in the central nervous system?
Which cells are responsible for myelination in the central nervous system?
What type of shape do ependymal cells exhibit?
What type of shape do ependymal cells exhibit?
What distinguishes the types of glial cells in the CNS from those in the PNS?
What distinguishes the types of glial cells in the CNS from those in the PNS?
Which cellular function is shared by both oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?
Which cellular function is shared by both oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?
What role do rods play in vision?
What role do rods play in vision?
What type of cones are responsible for detecting red light?
What type of cones are responsible for detecting red light?
Which area of the retina contains the highest concentration of cones?
Which area of the retina contains the highest concentration of cones?
What is the blind spot in the context of vision?
What is the blind spot in the context of vision?
How does a concave lens correct myopia?
How does a concave lens correct myopia?
What condition results from the inability to focus light correctly on the retina?
What condition results from the inability to focus light correctly on the retina?
What type of lens is used to correct hyperopia?
What type of lens is used to correct hyperopia?
In which part of the retina do you find no rods or cones?
In which part of the retina do you find no rods or cones?
Which structure is part of the limbic system?
Which structure is part of the limbic system?
What is the main function of the superior colliculi?
What is the main function of the superior colliculi?
Which part of the hindbrain is involved in controlling balance?
Which part of the hindbrain is involved in controlling balance?
Which region of the brain connects the forebrain and hindbrain?
Which region of the brain connects the forebrain and hindbrain?
What function does the substantia nigra primarily serve?
What function does the substantia nigra primarily serve?
What is the role of the reticular formation?
What is the role of the reticular formation?
Which part of the brainstem is responsible for breathing and heart rate control?
Which part of the brainstem is responsible for breathing and heart rate control?
Which function is associated with the pons?
Which function is associated with the pons?
What is the diameter of the human ear drum?
What is the diameter of the human ear drum?
What is the main function of the STAPEDIUS muscle?
What is the main function of the STAPEDIUS muscle?
Why do children have more sensitive ears than adults?
Why do children have more sensitive ears than adults?
What is indicated by the 'watch-tick test'?
What is indicated by the 'watch-tick test'?
How does the brain respond to the sounds children hear?
How does the brain respond to the sounds children hear?
What is the size comparison of the area of the middle ear?
What is the size comparison of the area of the middle ear?
What occurs to the ear drum when hearing sound?
What occurs to the ear drum when hearing sound?
What is the approximate length of the STAPEDIUS muscle?
What is the approximate length of the STAPEDIUS muscle?
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Study Notes
Types of Neuroglia
- Oligodendrocytes: Glial cells in the central nervous system that wrap around nerve fibers to form myelin sheath.
- Schwann cells: Glial cells in the peripheral nervous system that also wrap around nerve fibers to produce myelin sheath.
- Ependymal cells: Ciliated glial cells lining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cavities in the brain and spinal cord; involved in CSF movement.
- Satellite cells: Glial cells that surround and support neuron cell bodies in peripheral nervous system ganglia.
Nerves and Nervous Tissue
- Nerve: A group of nerve fibers located outside the central nervous system (CNS).
- Ganglion: A collection of neuron cell bodies found outside the CNS.
- Tract: A bundle of nerve fibers within the CNS.
- Nucleus: A group of neuron cell bodies located within the CNS.
Action Potential and Nerve Impulses
- Concentration of potassium is higher inside the nerve cell membrane than sodium outside, resulting in a negative internal charge due to selective permeability.
- Ionic and electrical changes occur during action potential propagation along a nerve fiber.
Neuron Classification
- Unipolar neurons: One axon and one dendrite extend directly from the cell body.
- Bipolar neurons: Have one axon and one dendrite.
- Multipolar neurons: Feature multiple dendrites and one axon.
- Pseudounipolar: Single process that divides into two branches.
The Limbic System
- Composed of hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus; plays roles in emotion, memory, and navigation.
Midbrain Functions
- Connects forebrain and hindbrain.
- Contains superior colliculi (vision), inferior colliculi (hearing), and tegmentum (consciousness).
- Also includes motor function areas like the cerebral peduncle, red nucleus, and substantia nigra.
Hindbrain Functions
- Comprised of cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata.
- Cerebellum: Controls posture, balance, and coordination of voluntary movements.
- Pons: Acts as a bridge between cerebellar hemispheres and aids in producing sleep-related chemicals.
- Medulla oblongata: Regulates breathing, heart rate, and reflexes; relays signals between brain and spinal cord.
Visual System
- Blind spot: Area on the retina where optic nerve exits; lacks photoreceptors, resulting in no image formation.
- Fovea centralis: Contains the highest concentration of cones, providing sharp central vision necessary for detailed tasks.
Common Vision Problems
- Myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness) require concave and convex lenses, respectively, for correction.
Ear Anatomy and Function
- Middle ear equivalent in size to an M&M; contains the smallest bones in the body.
- Stapedius: The smallest muscle, controlling the stapes bone.
- Ear drum: Moves less than one billionth of an inch in response to sound; continues to work while asleep.
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