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What is the largest part of the brain called?
Which embryonic part of the brain develops into the cerebrum?
What distinguishes a neuron from other cell types?
What are the cerebral hemispheres a part of?
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Which part of the nervous system is located throughout the rest of the body?
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Which part of the embryonic brain is referred to as the midbrain?
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What is the part behind the midbrain called?
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Which structures are included in the hindbrain?
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What is biological psychology primarily concerned with?
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Who believed that the mind and body are separate but their activities directly parallel each other?
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What aspect of behavior did John B. Watson emphasize in his work?
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According to biological psychology, which activities are considered characteristic of humans and other animals?
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What was Aristotle's view of the relationship between the mind and body?
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In the context of biological psychology, what does the term 'mind-body phenomenon' refer to?
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Which philosopher is associated with the concept of dualism?
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Which aspect of psychology does biological psychology exclude from its analysis?
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Which type of cells have been identified as exceptions that can potentially be replaced in the vertebrate brain?
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What is the primary function of the Blood Brain Barrier?
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What happens when a blue dye is injected into the blood of an animal?
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Where is the area postrema located and what is its function?
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Which type of neuron has an axon and a single dendrite on opposite ends of the soma?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of substances that can cross the Blood Brain Barrier?
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What is the primary function of astrocytes in the nervous system?
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What part of the nervous system processes information and transmits instructions to the body?
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What is the largest part of the human brain associated with higher brain functions?
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Which type of glial cell is responsible for the formation of myelin in the central nervous system?
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What prompts the neurons in the area postrema to initiate vomiting?
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Which component is NOT part of the forebrain?
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What is the role of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?
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Which statement about the structure of the Blood Brain Barrier is correct?
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What research area has suggested opportunities for the replacement of certain brain cells?
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Which of the following statements about neuroglial cells is true?
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What type of reflex is primarily controlled by skeletal muscles?
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Which part of the brain connects the forebrain to the hindbrain?
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How do ependymal cells contribute to the function of the nervous system?
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What is responsible for the production of synaptic vesicles?
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Which characteristic distinguishes unipolar neurons from other types of neurons?
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Which is a correct description of the brainstem?
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What is the primary role of satellite cells in the nervous system?
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What type of neurotransmitters are primarily involved in controlling autonomic functions?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Biological Psychology
- Biological psychology focuses on the relationship between psychological processes and physiological events.
- It explores the mind-body connection.
Historical Perspectives
- Aristotle proposed that the mind is a function of the body.
- René Descartes advocated for the dualism of mind and body as separate entities.
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz suggested that mind and body operate in parallel.
- John B. Watson emphasized observable behaviors and their connection to the nervous system.
Key Areas of Focus
- Biological psychology focuses on brain functions and the nervous system in activities like thinking, learning, feeling, sensing, and perceiving.
Brain Structure Overview
- The brain is divided into cerebrum, midbrain, and hindbrain.
- The cerebrum is the largest part and divided into left and right hemispheres.
- Embryonic brain development stages include the forebrain (prosencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), and hindbrain (rhombencephalon).
- The forebrain develops into the cerebrum, the midbrain remains the midbrain, and the hindbrain becomes the pons, medulla, and cerebellum.
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The CNS comprises the brain and spinal cord, processing information and transmitting instructions.
- The PNS encompasses all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.
Neuron Structure
- Neurons are distinguished by their specific shapes.
- Neuron types include unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, and anaxonic.
Neuroglia
- Neuroglial cells are non-neuronal cells supporting neurons.
- They maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection.
- Glial cells in the CNS include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia.
- Glial cells in the PNS include Schwann cells and satellite cells.
Astrocytes
- Astrocytes link neurons to blood supply, forming the blood-brain barrier.
- They regulate the external chemical environment of neurons.
Oligodendrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes produce myelin sheaths, insulating axons for efficient electrical signal propagation.
Ependymal Cells
- Ependymal cells are involved in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production and secretion.
Schwann Cells
- Schwann cells provide myelination in the PNS.
- They have phagocytic activity to clear cellular debris and facilitate PNS neuron regrowth.
Satellite Cells
- Satellite cells regulate the external chemical environment.
Neuron vs. Neuroglia
- Neuroglial cells are approximately 10 times smaller than neurons.
- In the human brain, neuroglial cells outnumber neurons by around 10 times.
- This means neuroglial cells occupy roughly the same space as neurons.
Cell Replacement
- Most brain cells in vertebrates are not replaced.
- Exceptions previously included olfactory cells and neuroglial cells.
- Recent research suggests stem cell replacement is possible in some brain regions.
Blood Brain Barrier
- The blood brain barrier prevents certain substances from entering the brain.
- It's selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass while blocking others.
- Areas like the area postrema have a weaker BBB, enabling neurons to detect toxic substances in the blood.
Area Postrema
- The area postrema is a medullary structure controlling vomiting.
- It plays a role in autonomic function regulation.
Reflex Arc
- Reflexes involve interaction between neurons and muscles.
- Reflex arcs illustrate communication between neurons.
- Examples include the withdrawal reflex.
Synaptic Transmission
- Neurons communicate through synapses.
- Synaptic transmission involves the release of neurotransmitters.
- Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on postsynaptic neurons.
Neurotransmitters
- Over 100 neurotransmitters have been identified.
- Important ones include acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate, and endorphins.
Nervous System Organization
- The human nervous system is divided into the CNS and PNS.
Central Nervous System
- The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord.
- It processes information and sends instructions to the body.
Peripheral Nervous System
- The PNS includes all nerves outside the CNS.
- It connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
Reflexes
- Different types of reflexes travel through the spinal cord.
- Reflexes can be somatic, autonomic, or visceral.
- Reflexes can be innate or learned.
The Brain
- The brain is responsible for all behaviors, thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
- It consists of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
Forebrain
- The forebrain includes the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
- These structures are part of the limbic system.
Midbrain
- The midbrain includes the tegtum and tegmentum.
Hindbrain
- The hindbrain includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla.
- The midbrain, pons, and medulla are collectively referred to as the brainstem.
Cerebrum (Cortex)
- The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of the brain, associated with higher-level functions like thought and action.
- It's divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of biological psychology, examining the relationship between psychological processes and physiological events. It covers historical perspectives, key areas of focus, and an overview of brain structures, emphasizing the mind-body connection.
