Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of physical digestion?
What is the main purpose of physical digestion?
Which of the following correctly describes the function of amylase?
Which of the following correctly describes the function of amylase?
What role does bile play in digestion?
What role does bile play in digestion?
What is the function of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice?
What is the function of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice?
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Which statement best describes chemical digestion?
Which statement best describes chemical digestion?
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Which elements are primarily found in proteins?
Which elements are primarily found in proteins?
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What is the primary substrate from which starch is synthesized?
What is the primary substrate from which starch is synthesized?
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Which test would be used to detect the presence of reducing sugars?
Which test would be used to detect the presence of reducing sugars?
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What role do enzymes primarily play in metabolic reactions?
What role do enzymes primarily play in metabolic reactions?
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What could happen to an enzyme if the temperature increases too much?
What could happen to an enzyme if the temperature increases too much?
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What constitutes a balanced diet?
What constitutes a balanced diet?
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What is the primary cause of scurvy?
What is the primary cause of scurvy?
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Which organ is NOT part of the alimentary canal?
Which organ is NOT part of the alimentary canal?
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Study Notes
Biological Molecules
- List chemical elements in carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
- Large molecules are made from smaller ones (starch, glycogen, cellulose from glucose; proteins from amino acids; fats and oils from fatty acids and glycerol)
- Iodine solution tests for starch
- Benedict's solution tests for reducing sugars
- Biuret test for proteins
- Ethanol emulsion test for fats and oils
Enzymes
- Enzymes are proteins involved in all metabolic reactions as biological catalysts
- Enzymes are specific, meaning only certain substrates will bind to their active sites, which are the areas of the enzyme with a complementary shape.
- Enzyme action is described through enzyme-substrate complexes, substrate and product, and active site specificity
- Enzyme activity is affected by temperature changing enzyme shape and fit, frequency of effective collisions, and denaturation.
- Enzyme activity is affected by pH changing enzyme shape and fit and denaturation.
Human Nutrition - Diet
- A balanced diet contains carbohydrates, fats and oils, proteins, vitamins (like C and D), minerals (like calcium and iron), fiber (roughage), and water
- Scurvy and rickets are caused by deficiencies in vitamin C and vitamin D, respectively.
- Dietary sources of each nutrient should be considered.
Human Nutrition - Digestive System
- Main organs of the digestive system (alimentary canal: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestine; associated organs: salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder)
- Digestive system functions: ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion
- Digestive organs' functions are to be described in relation to these processes.
Human Nutrition - Digestion
- Physical digestion breaks down food into smaller pieces without chemical change.
- Surface area of food increases for enzyme action in chemical digestion.
- Chemical digestion breaks down large, insoluble molecules (like starch, proteins, fats) into small, soluble molecules able to be absorbed.
- Enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase) break down these different large molecules in different locations, and different enzymes act on them in different areas of the digestive system.
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl) from gastric juice functions to kill microorganisms in food, and to provide an acidic pH necessary for certain enzymes to act efficiently.
- Bile neutralises the acidic food and gastric juices and emulsifies fats to increase the surface area for chemical digestion.
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Description
Test your knowledge on biological molecules including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. This quiz also covers the role of enzymes in metabolic reactions, their specificity, and factors affecting their activity. Participate to see how well you understand these essential concepts in human nutrition.
