Biological Macromolecules Quiz

Proteins:
- Found in organelles like the nucleus, ribosomes, and Golgi apparatus; essential for DNA packaging, protein synthesis, and modification.
- Serve diverse functions such as catalyzing reactions (enzymes), providing structural support, and regulating processes.
Carbohydrates:
- Located in the cytoplasm (as glucose), cell membrane (as glycoproteins and glycolipids), and stored as glycogen (animals) or starch (plants).
- Key for energy storage, supply, and facilitating cell recognition and signaling.
Lipids:
- Major components of cell membranes, forming a lipid bilayer for structure and regulation of cell entry/exit.
- Synthesized in the smooth ER and modified in the Golgi apparatus; essential for energy storage and signaling.
Nucleic Acids:
- Primarily found in the nucleus (DNA) and ribosomes (RNA); DNA encodes genetic information whereas RNA plays a role in protein synthesis.
- Mitochondria contain their own DNA crucial for ATP production.

Proteins:
- Composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds and have unique three-dimensional structures that determine their function.
- Exhibit properties such as specificity and the ability to denature, highlighting their functional diversity.
Enzymes:
- Specific types of proteins that act as biological catalysts, accelerating chemical reactions without being consumed.
- Lower activation energy for reactions, facilitating processes necessary for life.

Anabolic Reactions:
- Synthesize larger molecules from smaller units; they require energy inputs.
- Examples include protein synthesis and photosynthesis.
Catabolic Reactions:
- Break down larger molecules into smaller units, releasing energy in the process.
- Common examples include cellular respiration and digestion.

Chemical Formula:
- Inputs: 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light energy
- Outputs: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂
Light-Dependent Reactions:
- Occur in thylakoid membranes; convert light energy into ATP and NADPH while releasing oxygen.
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle):
- Take place in the stroma; utilize ATP and NADPH to synthesize glucose from CO₂.
Chloroplast Structure:
- Composed of an outer membrane, inner membrane, stroma, and thylakoids arranged in grana.

Chemical Formula:
- Inputs: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂
- Outputs: 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + ATP energy.
Mitochondria Structure:
- Features an outer membrane, inner membrane with cristae, intermembrane space, and mitochondrial matrix.
ATP Production Cycle:
- ATP is generated through the Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis during oxidative phosphorylation.
ATP Properties:
- Functions as the primary energy carrier in cells; composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
- Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP releases energy for cellular activities.

Interpreting Experimental Data:
- Analyze data trends, compare experimental groups, and evaluate hypotheses for support.
Drawing Appropriate Graphs:
- Select graph types that best represent data relationships and results, supporting effective visualization of findings.